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Daaa ML RAMA For more detailed grammar information, refer to the Grammar Reference (Student's Book pages 100-119). Tenses He/She/lt is ('s) going to He/She/lt is ('s) not going to work. VYou/MWe/They do not (don't) | Do Uyou/we/they efactsand states work. work? «habits and repeated actions He/she/tt does not (doesn't) | Does he/she/it work? | estative verbs work. efuture timetabled events Lam ('m) not working. Am I working? sactions happening now | He/shentis ('s) working. | He/She/t is ('s) not working. | ls he/she/it working? | «temporary situations YouWe/They are (re) YouWe/They are ('re) not — | Are you/we/they + future use, to talk about planned E working. working. working? events or arrangements Present perfect | /You/We/They have ('ve) | /YouWe/They have not Have Vyou/we/they | e present situations that started in simple | worked. (haven't) worked. worked? the past | He/Shent has (s) He/She/lt has not (hasn't) Has he/she/it worked? | e past experiences, without worked. worked. specifying exactly when they took place ct | VYouWe/They have ('ve) | VYouWe/They have not Have Wyou/we/they erepeated actions that affect the | been working. (haven't) been working. — [been working? present He/She/tt has ('s) been | He/Sheltt has not (hasn't) | Has he/she/it been «a recent repeated activity thatis working. been working. working? relevant now «an explanation for something by referring to a past action / event VYou/He/Shelt/We/They | VYou/He/ShenWe/They did | Did Vyou/he/she/itwe/ | «completed actions or past events | worked. not (didn't) work. they work? ethings which happened repeatedly in the past | + past states | VHe/She/lt was working. | VHe/She/lt was not (wasn't) | Was Vhe/sheft sactions in progress at a specific | You/We/They were working. working? timein the past working. You/We/They were not Were you/welthey — | epastactionsiinterrupted by other (weren't) working. working? actions | VYou/He/SheltWe/They | You/He/She/t/We/They had | Had Vyou/he/she/it/ estates or actions that happened | had ('d) worked. not (hadn't) worked. welthey worked? before other events in the past | UYou/He/SheltWe/They | VYou/He/She//We/They had | Had VyouMhe/shefitwe/ | a focusing on the duration ofan | had ('d) been working [not (hadn't) been working. — | they been working? | action that happened before another action in the past | Lam ((m) used to Lam ('m) not used to Am l used to eto talk about activities that we | working- working. working? are or aren't familiar with | He/She/ltis ('s) used to | He/Sheltis not (isn't) used to | Is he/she/it used to working. working. working? | You WelThey are (re) YouMWeNThey are not (aren't) | Are you/welthey | used to working: used to working. used to working? e |You/He/She/We/They | You/He/ShelWe/They will [will Yyou/he/she/ivwe/| a making predictions or giving will (*11) work. not (won't) work. they work? opinions about the future + Spontaneous decisions Lam (m) going to work. | lam ('m) not going to work.| Am | going to work? | e predictions based on evidence Is he/she/it going to work? + plansand intentions YouWe/They are ('re) not — | Are youwelthey going to work. going to work? VYou/He/She/We/They will | Will Vyowhe/sheftwe/ | e future actions that take place not (won't) be working. |theybeworking? [over a period of time efuture actions that have already been planned VYou/He/She/t/We/They will | Will Vyowhe/she/it/we/ | e events or actions that will be will (1) have worked. — [not (won't) have worked. — [they have worked? — | completed by a specific time | UYou/He/She/It/We/ VYou/He/SheWe/They Will Vyouw/he/she/iv/ actions that will continue up until | They will (1) have been | will not (won't) have been | we/they have been — | a specific time in the future working- working? $ Scanned with ¡(2 CamScanner'; used to, be used to €% would They did not (didn't) use to go. They 'm not / isn't / aren't used to going. They wouldn't go. l/You/He/She/lt/We/ | 1/He/She/lt am / is l/You/He/She/It/We/ | They used to go. used to going. They would go. | You/We/They are used to going. l/You/He/She/l/We/ | |/You/He/She/lt/We/ | l/You/He/She/lt/We/ Did l/you/he/she/it/ we/they use to go? Am / |s l/he/she/it used to going? Are you/we/they used to going? Would l/you/he/she/ ' itwe/they go? erepeated actions in the past e past states which are not true now. eto talk about activities that we are or aren't familiar with eto refer to repeated actions in the past, but not Past states. i Scanned with | ¡(2 CamScanner'; S.2 Future forms Tense or structure Form: Affirmative Negative Questions Used for+.. + general predictions about | / You / He/She / y the future, and for promises, will yn a pra 1 Wed It / We / They will not pe / pd / dol / offers and warnings. yr (won't) work ene e decisions that you make as - youare speaking. s S Lam not ('m not) going ie a e Ir, | panties E o mor EME | He/She/Itis not(isn't) mona SES [e predictions about the future eS You / We / They are (re) going to work A ce Wen based on evidence we od You / We / They are not coi have now. going to work A O going to work? Present | / You / We / They work deci /They o we / they + timetabled events in the : Sh ? simple rica He / She / It doesn't work | Does he / she / it work? Are > A Lam not ('m not) working E lam (m) working ise ricis moco) | AMI Working? Present He / She / It is ('s) working workin ls he /she / it working? | « planned events or continuous | We / You / They are ('re) 6 Are you / we / they arrangements in the future. lá We / You / They are not orinal moras (aren't) working haba Future 1 / You / He / She / It / We / ) ¿Ncuy Her Ane JE) . e ralielbció + actions or events that will be continuous | They will ('11) be workin; They Weno (yon'o Be de Java [Hey be in progress in the future. , E | working working? prog s Future | / You / He / She / It / We / | Will / you / he /she/ | + actions or events that will be perfect e LOS: A They will not (won't) it / we / they have complete by a certain time simple have worked worked? in the future, Scanned with ¡(2 CamScanner'; Reference 'ACPRESENT¡S PAST.FORMS exercises 1-10) pages 87:89 E E 1 Weuuse the present simple for: + facts andstates, My brother works in a bank, + habits and repeated actions. We often go swimming on Saturday momings. + stative verbs, 1 don't understand this homework. 2 Weuse the present continuous for: + actions in progress at the moment. e're having lunch in a pizza restaurant. * temporary situations. P'm staying with my grandparents for the summer. 3 Weuse the present perfect simple for: * past actions or states started in the past and continuing in the present. They've lived in this town for six years. + past actions that have an effect in the present. My phone battery has died. (So 1 can't call you) * past experiences (when we do not say exactly when they happened). They've met twice before. 4 Weuse the present perfect continuous for: + focusing on the duration of an action that started in the past and continues in the present. He's been working on his history essay for hours. + an action that stopped recently and has an effect in the present. The children have been baking cakes. (There's flour all over the kitchen worktop.) 5 We use the past simple for: * completed actions in the past. Dad drove to work this moming. + states in the past. We thought the film was excellent. + things that happened repeatedly in the past. She entered many cycling races when she was younger. 6 We use the past continuous for: + actions in progress at a specific time in the past. We were walking in the park at 10.30 a.m. + past actions which are interrupted by other actions. She was running for the bus when she tripped and cut her leg. 7 We use the past perfect simple for: + anaction that happened before another action in the past. By the time she arrived, Paul had already left. (First Paul left. Then she arrived.) 8 We use the past perfect continuous for: + focusing on the duration of an action that happened before another action in the past. l needed a holiday after my exams because | had been studying hard for months. 9 Weuuse used to for: + repeated actions in the past. He used to play computer games for hours. + past states which are not true now. She used to hate eggs when she was younger. 10 We use would + infinitive for: * repeated actions in the past, but not past states. On New Year's Day, we would wrap up warm and go for a walk. BFUTURE FORMS exercises11/812, page 89; 1 Weuse will for: + general predictions about the future. 1 think the exhibition will be really interesting. + promises, offers and warnings. Don't worry. | won't forget to call you tomorrow. + decisions that you make as you are speaking. You know what? 1 think 1'Il come with you. mmar We 2 Weuse be going to for: + plans and intentions. P'm going to get a part-time job this summer. * predictions about the future based on evidence we have now. Dan's just crashed Mum's car. She isn't going to be hoppy. Scanned with ¡(2 CamScanner'; GRAMMAR BASICS GETTING STARTED PRESENT SIMPLE FORM base form of verb / verb + -s / -es USES 1 an action that happens regularly We study maths twice a week. 2 a general truth or scientific fact The sun doesn't set before 9 pm in the summer. 3 a thought, feeling or expectation (a stative verb) Do you want to leave now? ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY / TIME EXPRESSIONS always, usually, generally, regularly, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never every day / week, on Mondays, once a month, at night, at 1.00, in the morning, How often ... ? [7 PRESENT CONTINUOUS FORM am / ís / are + verb + -ing USES 1 an action happening now They are taking an exam now. 2 atemporary action He isn't playing football this year. 3 a definite plan for the near future Are you meeting friends tomorrow? TIME EXPRESSIONS now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, today, these days, this evening, this month, tonight, tomorrow, next Sunday / week / year [] PAST SIMPLE FORM verb + -ed / irregular verbs USES 1 a completed action in the past They finished school last year. 2 consecutive past actions Iwoke up and got dressed, TIME EXPRESSIONS yesterday, last week / year, two days ago, in 2004, In the 1970s, in the 15th century, when, then [J srammar Apj IMA irregular Verbs Lis] PAST CONTINUOUS FORM was / were + verb + -ing USES 1 an incomplete action in progress at a specific time in the past At 10.30, they were swimming at the beach. 2 an incomplete action in progress interrupted by another action 1 was waiting in the queue when the man grabbed my bag. 3 two incomplete actions in progress at the same time in the past While I was trying to study, my brother was listening to loud music. TIME EXPRESSIONS last night / week / year, at 3.00, when, while, as [1 | Workbook, page 87] 1 Complete the sentences with the correct time expression below. while | last night | a few minutes ago | at midnight then | usually 1 | didn't go to sleep late ... . 2 They were still watching TV ... . 3 Were you listening ... she was explaining the lesson? 4 First we ate dinner and ... we met friends. 5 1... go out at weekends but this weekend, I'm staying home. 6 They were just here but left .... 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple or Past Continuous. 1 Our school ... (open) in 1988. 2 Now!... (understand) what you mean. 3 It was early morning. The birds ... (sing). 4, | called her, but she ... (not answer). 5 | can't wait! My favourite singer ... (perform) tonight. 6 What ... you ... (think) about my idea for a party? 7 Darren lost his glasses while he ... (hike) in the mountains. 8 She looked upset, so |... (ask) her what was wrong. Scanned with ¡ES CamScanner: a. ng Started PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE FORM have ] has + past participle USES 1 an action that started in the past and continues to the present We have been friends since childhood. We have lived in Spain for seven years. 2 an action that took place at an unspecified time in the past and is relevant to the present Chris has already bought his books. TIME EXPRESSIONS never, ever, already, just, yet, recently, lately, always, so far, in recent years, for, since, How long ... ? [] PAST PERFECT SIMPLE FORM had + past participle USE an action that took place before a specific moment or another action in the past 1 had eaten before everyone arrived. TIME EXPRESSIONS already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just [] 3 Choose the correct answer. 1 1 still... my project. a didn't finish b haven't finished 2 Please forgive me. | ... several times. a have apologised b had apologised 3 There you are! Where ... all day? a have you been b had you been 4 John couldn't log in. He ... the password. a has forgotten b had forgotten 5 1 had gone to sleep before my friends ... . a arrived b had arrived cramman sasios Pa 4 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Simple or Past Simple. 1 | see that four people ... (comment) on my post so far. 2 We went to the shops because we ... (run out of) milk and cheese. L.... (leave) my phone at home. Can | borrow yours? 4 We... (be) friends for years before we fell in love. w 5 | couldn't see how much the jeans cost because the price tag ... (fall off). 6 We're finally on our way. |... (want) to go skiing my whole life. 7 Here you are! How long ... you ... (be) here? 8 We ... (arrive) late because we had missed our bus. 5 Complete the mini-dialogues with a suitable word. A: When ? ... you last see John? B: 1?-... not seen him ? ... weeks. A: So what * ... you decided to do? B: | don't know. | haven't made a decision * ... . A: He passed his driving test. B: That's great. How many lessons *- ... he taken before he passed? 6 Correct the errors. 1 We left after we checked all the locks. 2 The last time | have seen her was a year ago. 3 This is delicious. It's the first time | had eaten a vegan cake. 4 What time had you gone out last night? 5 Let's watch something else. | had already seen that film. 6 | read this book so many times. Scanned with ¡ES CamScanner: a] 1] PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM have | has + been + verb + -ing USE an action that started and is still going on at the present moment or whose results are still apparent We have been listening to the tour guide for over an hour. TIME EXPRESSIONS for a month / year, since 2004, all night / morning / day / week, How long ... ? [ IAEEE Workbook, page 89| PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM had + been + verb + -ing USE an action that continued for some time up to another action in the past We had been driving in the mountains for three hours before we saw a village. TIME EXPRESSIONS for hours, since last March, when, until, before, all night / morning / day / week [ICENEZTEEO Workbook, page 89] 1 Choose the correct answer. 1 What ... all day? You haven't left your room for hours. a have you been doing b had you been doing 2 She didn't realise that he ... her for years. a has been looking for b had been looking for 3 We ... for hours and they still haven't arrived. a have been waiting b had been waiting 4 The Incas ... potatoes for thousands of years before the Spaniards discovered them. a has been growing b had been growing 5 My phone ... all week. That's why | can't call anyone. a hasn't been working b hadn't been working GRAMMAR BASICS [AA 2 Choose the correct answer. Pay attention to the verbs in bold. 1 We have been planning our trip for ages. It was / will be an amazing trip. 2 | had been hiking for hours. L need / needed to take a break. 3 Tom hasn't been feeling well all week. His head hurts / hurt. 4 | hadn't been looking forward to the lecture. Lam / was glad they cancelled it. 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous. 1 1... (not tell) anyone about the party yet. 2 1... (talk) all day, but nobody understands my accent. 3 We... (not forget) the values our parents taught us. 4 How long ... you ... (wait) outside my house? 5 ... you ... (ever / notice) that Americans speak louder than Brits? 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Continuous. look forward | leave | work | wait | overcome 1 We were exhausted because we ... at the fair all day. 2 By the time he arrived, the train ... . 3 After a year, our French was fluent. We ... the language barrier. 4, | was thrilled to be at the festival. | ... to it for months. 5 You looked annoyed. How long ... you ... for them? 5 Complete the passage by choosing the correct answer. Two Hungarian Gifts In 1699, the Turks left Hungary after they * had ruled / had been ruling the country for 150 years. During their stay, they introduced the Hungarians to chillis and since then, Hungarians ? have made / have been making paprika from chillis. Paprika is used in a meat dish called goulash. Goulash was first invented by farmworkers who needed something easy to prepare while working in the fields. The farmworkers * have been preparing / had been preparing their goulash with pepper for centuries, but with paprika, it tasted even better. The dish became popular and people from all over the world *+ have been cooking / had been cooking it ever since. However, there's nothing like the goulash made in Hungary. | know because | * have visited / have been visiting friends in Budapest for the past week and they * have been taking / had been taking me to goulash restaurants all over the city. Scanned with ¡ES CamScanner: 
