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REPORTED SPEECH (EL ESTILO INDIRECTO)
Hay dos maneras de repetir lo que una persona ha dicho o nos ha contado: directa o indirectamente.
- en el estilo directo repetimos las palabras exactas del hablante. Sonia said, “I love rap music”
- en el estilo indirecto ( reported speech ) trasladamos el contenido de lo que nos han dicho o contado pero sin utilizar necesariamente las palabras exactas que nos han comunicado. Sonia said that she loved rap music.
REPORTED STATEMENTS (Frases enunciativas)
Pasos para pasar de estilo directo a indirecto : Se utilizan unos verbos introductorios: SAY y TELL y that (aunque “that” se puede frecuentemente omitir) Los tiempos verbales sufren también cambios al pasar de estilo directo a indirecto ( hay un salto atrás en el tiempo ). Fijaos en la siguiente tabla: DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Simple Present “I never eat meat”, he said. Simple Past He said that he never ate meat Present Continuous “I´ m waiting for Ann”, he said. Past Continuous He said that he was waiting for Ann. Present Perfect “I have found a flat”, he said. Past Perfect He said that he had found a flat Present Perfect Continuous “I have been looking for a flat”, he said Past Perfect Continuous He said that he had been looking for a flat. Simple Past “I saw Sara”, she said Past Perfect She said that she had seen Sara. Past Continuous “She was training very hard”, the coach said Past Perfect Continuous (=had been + gerund) The coach said that she had been training very hard. Past Perfect “We had trained a lot for that competition”, they said Past Perfect They said that they had trained a lot for that competition. Future simple He said, “I will be in Paris on Monday” Conditional He said that he would be in Paris on Monday. Future Continuous He said, “I will be studying in Paris next year” He said that he would be studying in Paris next year. Can “I can’t ski very well”, Lucy said. Could Lucy said that she couldn’t ski very well. Must “I must buy a new backpack”, he said. Had to He said that he had to buy a new backpack. May “We may go to the cinema today”, they told us. Might They told us that they might g o to the cinema. Might “It might rain next weekend”, Pemán said Might (no hay cambio) Pemán said that it might rain next weekend. Conditional “I would like to see it”, she said. Conditional (no hay cambio) She said that she would like to see it. Used to “ I used to play tennis”, dad said Used to (no hay cambio) Dad said that he used to play tennis.
Normalmente los sujetos I / we pasan a he / she / they en estilo indirecto. De la misma manera los adjetivos posesivos my / our se convertirán en her / his / their. Por ejemplo: “ I ’ll bring my car”, said Bill => Bill said that he would bring his car. También hay un cambio en los pronombres objeto me / you pueden pasar a him her their us Los DEMOSTRATIVOS y las EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO y LUGAR también sufren cambios: DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH this / these that / those now then today that day tonight that night tomorrow the next / the following day next week / year, etc the following week / year, etc yesterday the previous day / the day before last week / year, etc the previous week, year, etc / the week, year, etc before here there OTHER REPORTING VERBS USED : Como ya hemos visto, sueles usarse como verbos introductorios “SAY” y “TELL”, pero hay otros verbos; los más comunes son: ACCEPT ADMIT ADVISE ANNOUNCE ANSWER APOLOGISE BOAST CLAIM COMPLAIN DECLARE EXPLAIN INFORM INSIST MENTION OFFER POINT OUT PROTEST REMIND REPLY STATE WARN… PERO OJO , después de los verbos SAY TELL SUGGEST THINK podemos omitir “THAT”, pero con otros verbos no siempre se puede!!!
REPORTED QUESTIONS (Frases interrogativas)
Los tiempos verbales, pronombres, demostrativos y expresiones de tiempo y lugar sufren los mismos cambios que vimos en las oraciones enunciativas. El verbo cambia su forma interrogativa por afirmativa (es decir, no hay inversión de sujeto y verbo ni auxiliar) El verbo introductorio es ASK. Hay otros verbos introductorios : ENQUIRE WONDER WANT TO KNOW A. Si la pregunta en estilo directo empieza por who, when, where, what, why, how,... (wh-questions) , es decir por una partícula interrogativa, ésta se repite en el estilo indirecto detrás del verbo introductorio “ ask” : “When do you want to go?”, she asked me. => She asked when I wanted to go. “Why didn’t you come?”, he asked => He asked why she hadn’t come.
OTROS VERBOS INTRODUCTORIOS Y SUS ESTRUCTURAS:
- ADMIT / DENY + GERUND
- PROMISE / AGREE / REFUSE / THREATEN + INFINITIVE
- ADVISE / REMIND / WARN / PERSUADE + OBJECT (WHO?) + INFINITIVE
Examples: He denied stealing the painting. Bob promised to wait for him at the corner. The teacher advised me to study harder. Nota : “promise / agree / deny / admit “ también pueden usar la estructura normal de Reported Speech: una subordinada con “that” : Bob promised that he would wait for him at the corner.
SAY y TELL: DIFERENCIAS DE USO
Son los verbos introductorios más usados, transmiten el mensaje sin añadir información. El significado de ambos verbos introductorios (de las frases enunciativas) es el mismo, la diferencia está en el uso o no de objetos indirectos tras ellos. He said that he had lost his umbrella. He told me that he had lost his umbrella. a. SAY : no suele ir acompañado de objeto indirecto (y si va es introducido por “to”) He said that he had lost his umbrella. / He said to me that he had lost… b. TELL : obligatoriamente lleva como objeto indirecto la persona a quién se le ha hecho el comentario. He told me that he had lost his umbrella.
NOTA : Todos los cambios descritos en estos apuntes NO OCURREN :
- Cuando el verbo que introduce la cita está en presente o futuro : “I love soup”, says Mary Mary says that she loves soup.
- Cuando se narra una verdad objetiva o una situación permanente : “London is the capital of Great Britain”, she pointed out She pointed out that London is the capital of Great Britain. “Peter lives in Market Street”, I told them. I told them that Peter lives in Market Street
