RESUM ANGLÈS PER PAU, Apuntes de Inglés

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ENGLISH

CONDITIONAL AND WISH CLAUSES

PASSIVE VOICE AND CAUSATIVE

➔ Basic form

➔ Verbs with two objects

➔ Verbs with convey thought, belief…

➔ Causative We use the causative when somebody (a specialist) does something to us.

REPORTED SPEECH

Consisteix en l’estil indirecte, és a dir, a parlar i dir allò que la gent diu. Per fer-ho, calen uns certs canvis: ➔ Verb tenses changes

➔ Modal verbs changes

➔ Other words and expressions’ changes

➔ Types of reports ◆ Reported statements ‘I found your keys last night’ Peter told Ann. → Peter told Ann (that) he had found her keys the previous night.

◆ Reported qüestions ● Yes / no qüestions ‘Have you finished your exercicis?’, the teacher asked us. → The teacher asked if we had finished our exercicis.

● Wh- qüestions

‘Where did you buy this dress?’ My friend wanted to know. → My friend

wanted to know where I had bought that dress.

• la pregunta del reported speech deja de ser pregunta y, por lo

tanto, no se altera el orden Suj.–V–Compl.

• el sujeto como no queda claro en la primera, te lo inventas en la

segunda.

◆ Reported orders / requests ‘Sit down and don’t talk’, the mother told her children. → The mother told her children

to sit down and not to talk.

◆ Reported suggestions ‘Why don’t we have a party?’ / ‘Let’s have a party’ / ‘Shall we have a party?’ / ‘How about having a party?’, he suggested. → He suggested having a party.

➔ Reported verbs

WRITINGS

➔ Connectors

➔ The writing process

1. Brainstorm for ideas a. Write down all the ideas you can think of. b. Don’t worry about whether all the ideas are relevant. c. Don’t worry about grammar or spelling. d. You can write in your own language. 2. Organise your ideas a. Decide which ideas to keep and cross out the others. b. Group similar ideas together. c. Organise the groups according to a writing plan. 3. Write a first draft a. Write your first draft on the computer or by hand. b. If you are writing by hand, use a pencil. c. Leave wide margins for notes.Leave space between lines for additions and corrections.Write quickly. d. Don’t worry about neatness or accuracy. e. If you can’t think of a word in English, write it in your own language. Look up the word in a dictionary later. f. If you can’t spell a word, write it any way you can. Then check the word in a dictionary or use a spellcheck when you have finished. 4. Check your work a. Use the Writer’s Checklist on this page to improve your work. 5. Write a final draft

• We sometimes celebrate Christmas together.
• *We celebrate sometimes Christmas together. f. Always and never cannot begin or end a sentence. We cannot say:
• Always we give each other presents.
• We forget to take a photo never. 2. Subject-verb agreement a. Singular nouns that refer to groups can have either singular or plural verbs. b. Amounts and measurements often have got singular verbs. c. Words like anyone, everybody and nobody have got singular verbs. d. Uncountable nouns have got singular verbs, even if they end ins. e. Some nouns are always plural. 3. Use of adjectives a. Adjectives come before nouns and after certain verbs. b. The adjective form for singular and plural nouns is the same. c. Adjectives follow a specific order:

➔ Writing a paragraph A paragraph consists of several sentences about a certain topic. It has the following parts:

• A topic sentence which gives the main idea of the paragraph.
• Supporting sentences which add reasons, details and examples.
• A concluding sentence which leads on to the next paragraph or summarises the main idea.The parts of a paragraph should flow logically.

The paragraph must be easy to understand. You can accomplish this by:

• Using pronouns to refer back to the nouns in the text.
• Using connectors to show the connections between ideas.

➔ Structure of an essay An essay consists of several paragraphs about a topic. There are many different kinds of essays, but they all have the same plan:

1. THE OPENING. The opening is a general presentation of the topic. Try to start your essay with an opening that will catch your reader’s interest. Here are some ideas: a. Begin with a question. b. Begin with a short anecdote about real or imaginary events. c. Begin with a surprising fact.
2. THE BODY. The body has got one or more paragraphs which develop the topic. When you were preparing to write, you brainstormed for ideas. Then you choose ideas to use and put these ideas into groups in a logical order. Use these groups of these ideas to write the body of the essay. Each group of ideas will become a separate paragraph.

3. THE CLOSING. The closing is a paragraph which summarises the main idea or presents a conclusion. It should not bring in new ideas. In some cases, the closing may be similar to the opening, but presented in different words. It should always leave the reader with a strong impression.

➔ Types of essays ◆ An opinion essay An opinion essay states an opinion an tries to convince the Reader that this opinion is correct by supporting it with reasons, facts and examples.

• Opening : presentation of issue and opinion.
• Body :reasons, facts and examples to support opinion.
• Closing :summing up and restatement of opinion.

◆ For and against essay A for and against essay presents both sides of an issue. It often concludes by supporting one of the sides.

• Opening : introduction to the topic.
• Body : arguments for one side of the issue, with supporting details and examples. Arguments for the other side of the issue, with supporting details and examples.
• Closing : summary of issue and writer’s opinion.

◆ A summary A summary provides the reader with the main idea of an article in a few words as possible. It includes the important points, but not examples or details, and often contains language similar to, but not identical to, the article.

• One cohesive paragraph which includes only important information.

◆ A news report A news report gives information about an event in the news. It should be written in an objective way and give a clear idea of exactly what happened.

• Opening : summary of the event and answers to the questions who, what, where and when.
• Body : details and facts.
• Closing : reactions / comments of people connected to the event.

◆ A curriculum vitae When applying for a job, you will often have to supply the employer with your personal details, as well as your education qualifications and work experience.

• Personal information : name, address, telephone number, e-mail, nationality, date of birth.
• Work experience : dates, name of the employer, occupation or position held, main activities and responsibilities.
• Education and training : dates,name of school, principal subjects covered, title of qualification awarded.
• Languages : mother tongue, other languages.
• Computer skills : general, graphics or multimedia, programming.

◆ A review A review gives information and opinions about a book, film or show in order to help people decide whether to read / see it.

• Opening : basic information (the title, the author, the main characters and the setting).
• Body : description of the characters and the plot. Strong and / or weak points.
• Closing : writer’s opinion and recommendation.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

The story is set in... I couldn’t wait to turn the pages. It tells the story of... I found the characters...

It is a thriller / romance / science-fiction novel written by...

I highly recommend this book.

It is one of the author’s best / worst novels. If you enjoy a novel that..., you’ll love...

◆ An article

An article is usually written for different kinds of magazines or newspapers.

• Title.
• Opening : presentation of issue and opinion.
• Body : specific reasons and facts to support opinion.
• Closing : summing up and restatement of opinion.

◆ An informal letter or email When we write an informal letter, we are usually congratulating, persuading or asking for / giving some information.

• Greeting.
• Body.
• Conclusion.
• Closing.

◆ A description of a place When we describe a place, we want to describe what the place looks like and to give an impression of the atmosphere.

• Opening : basic information, including the name of the place and its location.
• Body : physical characteristics of the place and what there is to do there.
• Closing : general conclusion, writer’s opinion or recommendation.

◆ A description of an event A description of an event gives a clear impression of what the writer experiences. It usually includes details of the writer’s senses and how the writer felt there.

• Opening : name, location, time and writer’s opinion of event.
• Body : description with more details / what writer sees, hears, smells, tastes…
• Closing : concluding sentence and opinion.