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INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS OF INTERNAL
PARTITIONS
Typologies
Introduction Internal partitions, commonly referred to as walls or partitions, serve to close or limit a space within a structure. These partitions play a crucial role in defining the layout and functionality of interior spaces. Factors influencing the selection of partition systems include their intended use, accommodation of facilities, functionality, versatility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, speed of execution, and the need for dry construction. The functions of internal partitions include physical separation, acoustic insulation, thermal insulation, fire protection, and moisture insulation.
Ceramic Partitions
Ceramic partitions, historically prevalent, are constructed using ceramic bricks of various types such as hollow, perforated, or solid bricks. These partitions are typically built with cement mortar and gypsum paste for stability and expansion management. Various classifications exist, including single and double hollow brick walls, and solid brick partitions. Channels for utilities are incorporated into these partitions, with specifications for their placement. Concrete Partitions Concrete partitions offer versatility with options such as concrete hollow blocks, lightweight concrete blocks, and cellular concrete blocks. These partitions provide similar functionalities to ceramic partitions with variations in weight and density.
Boards and Panels Partitions
Gypsum or Plaster Plates Gypsum or plaster plates are commonly used elements for partitions. These plates, tongue and groove-edged for seamless joining, come in various sizes and thicknesses. Adhesives are utilized for jointing, with considerations for stability and mechanical strength. Plasterboards Similar to gypsum plates but covering floor-to-ceiling dimensions, plasterboards offer flexibility in partition design. They incorporate additives for strength and weight reduction and require proper adhesives for installation. Self-supporting Laminated Plasterboard Partition
This partition system utilizes galvanized steel profiles and laminated plasterboards, providing a non-removable partition solution. Installation involves fixing metal profiles to the floor and ceiling, followed by attaching vertical uprights and plasterboards. These partition typologies offer diverse solutions catering to various construction needs, with considerations for structural integrity, functionality, and ease of installation.
CONDITIONS OF BEHAVIOR
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
The Technical Building Code (CTE) mandates compliance with various basic documents, including:
- Basic Document of Structural Safety on Actions in Construction (CTE-DB-SE-AE)
- Basic Document of Security in Case of Fire (CTE-DB-SI)
- Basic Document of Security of Utilization and Accessibility (CTEDB-SUA)
- Basic Health Document (CTE-DB-HS)
- Basic Document of Protection against Noise (CTE-DB-HR)
- Basic Document of Energy Saving (CTE-DB-HE)
SAFETY IN CASE OF FIRE
- Buildings must be compartmentalized into fire sectors as per regulations.
- Fire resistance of separating elements must meet specified conditions.
- Ladders and elevators connecting different fire sectors must be compartmentalized.
HEALTH
Protection against moisture
- Measures must be taken to prevent water penetration or allow evacuation without damage.
- Properties: Dimensions, flexural strength, water absorption classes, fire classification (e.g., A2-s1, d0), thermal conductivity, hygroscopicity, curvature, dimensional stability, air permeability. Plasterboard Derivatives
- Types: BV, RX, Perforated, SS, VTR, PVP, EPS, XPS, MW, Treshing, Fireproof (e.g., Type MO).
- Description: Various derivatives for specific applications such as thermal/acoustic insulation, radiological protection, or decorative finishes. Bearing Structure
- Description: Metal profiles (channels and uprights) made of 0.60 mm thick galvanized steel sheet, forming the internal structure. Acoustic Bands
- Description: Self-adhesive neoprene tapes placed to ensure acoustic insulation and tightness, complying with standards for noise protection. Pastes
- Types: Grip pastes, glues, adhesive cements, finishing pastes, joint materials.
- Functions: Subjection of plasterboards, surface reworking, final surface treatment. Tapes
- Types: Microperforated paper, mesh, cornerguard tapes.
- Functions: Strengthening joint treatment, providing physical continuity. Screws
- Types: Metal-Board type (Type P) and Metal-Metal type (Type M).
- Functions: Joining boards to profiles or profiles to each other. Screws The screws used in construction vary based on the elements they are joining:
- Metal-Board Type (Type P): These screws are designed to attach boards to metal profiles. They are self-drilling screws with a nail tip or drill and trumpet head, featuring phosphate or cadmium protection. Lengths range from 25 to 100 mm.
- Metal-Metal Type (Type M): These screws are for joining metal profiles together. They have a nail tip or drill bit and a "drop of tallow" head with cadmium or phosphate protection. Lengths range from 9 to 25 mm. Constructive Systems Types
- Simple Partitions: Consist of a single structure with one laminated plasterboard screwed to each side.
- Multiple Partitions: Have a single structure with two or more laminated plasterboards screwed to each side.
- Double Partitions: Comprise two structures attached in parallel, each with a plasterboard screwed to the external sides.
- Special Partitions: Consist of two parallel structures with two or more plasterboards screwed to each side, with various configurations possible. Denomination Partitions are named based on total wall thickness, structure modulation, board types, structure widths, distance between structures, insulation type, and insulation thickness. Recommended Minimum Characteristics Different partition types have recommended characteristics for compliance with regulations, including fire resistance, insulation, and material thickness. Calculus The maximum height of partition systems with metallic bearing structures depends on factors such as moment of inertia, modulation, configuration, and number of profiles. ASSEMBLY OF THE SYSTEMS LAYOUT
- Outer sides of lower structures (channels) marked on the ground.
acoustic conditions but also contribute significantly to the overall visual appeal of the space. Types of Linings Linings are categorized based on their construction method and incorporation into existing walls: II.1. Direct Linings Direct linings involve the direct application of laminated gypsum boards onto the surface of existing walls. They are further classified into two types: With Grip Paste This method involves fixing laminated gypsum boards to the base wall using grip paste. The application of grip paste varies depending on the irregularities of the wall surface, categorized as flat, coarse, or very irregular. The boards can be single or multiple, depending on the number of boards affixed to the wall. With Auxiliary Structure Also known as semi-direct linings, this method utilizes metal profiles fixed to the base wall onto which laminated plasterboards are screwed. Similar to linings with grip paste, they can be single or multiple based on the number of boards affixed to the metal structure. Self-Supporting Linings Self-supporting linings involve the attachment of laminated plasterboards to a self- supporting structure, which can be braced or free-standing: Braced Braced linings consist of a metal structure parallel or rotated to the base wall, which provides support to one or more laminated plasterboards. The structure can be simple or multiple, with various types of vertical profiles (uprights).
Free Free linings also utilize a metal structure, but it is completely independent of the base wall. Plasterboards are affixed to this structure to create a finished surface. Similar to braced linings, they can be single or multiple, adhering to the same limitations and characteristics. Recommended Denomination of the Systems Direct Linings Direct linings are denominated based on the following formulation: TYPE - [(E + A) P + In P] Where:
- TYPE: Denomination of the type of lining (direct or with auxiliary structure).
- E: Thickness of the board.
- A: Thickness of the insulation (if applicable).
- P: Type of board.
- In: Thickness of each of the laminated plasterboards. Example: Direct lining with grip paste [(13 + 30) XPE + 13 F] III.2. Self-Supporting Linings For self-supporting linings, the recommended formulation is: TYPE A / M (C + P) LM xx Where:
- TYPE: Self-supporting wall braced (single or multiple) or free (single or multiple).
Maximum heights for direct linings with grip paste vary depending on the type of boards used and their characteristics. Direct Linings with Auxiliary Structure Normal mounting limit height for linings with auxiliary structure is 9.00 meters. Linings with Self-Supporting Metallic Structure The maximum height of self-supporting linings depends on the specific characteristics of the structure and the bracing arrangement. Covering of Pillars and Beams To increase fire resistance, structural steel elements can be coated with laminated plasterboard, providing protection for up to 240 minutes. Specific procedures for protecting beams and pillars are outlined, including the use of thermal insulation material and fixing methods. Constructive Details Various constructive details such as T encounter, corner, angle, and dilatation joint are discussed, providing guidance on their execution. Execution Defects Recommendations are provided to avoid execution defects, particularly concerning acoustic bridges, through proper sequence and implementation of units in construction.
SCREENS AND MOBILE PARTITIONS
Types of Linings Categorizes linings based on their construction procedure and incorporation method into existing walls. Types include:
- Direct Linings
- Attached with grip paste
- Executed with an auxiliary structure
- Self-supporting Linings
- Free Recommended Denomination of the Systems It suggests a systematic approach to denoting different types of linings for clarity and understanding. Direct linings and self-supporting linings are labeled using specific formulations based on board thickness, insulation, type, and other factors. Recommended Minimum Qualities Minimum quality standards are outlined for internal linings in dividing walls and facades. Recommendations include specific board thicknesses, insulation requirements, and structural considerations to ensure compliance with regulations and performance standards. Recommended Heights The document provides guidelines for maximum heights of various types of linings, considering factors such as board type, structural support, and insulation. This ensures safe and effective installation while maintaining structural integrity. Covering of Pillars and Beams Methods for enhancing the fire resistance of structural steel elements using laminated plasterboard are discussed. Specific procedures for protecting beams and pillars, including insulation materials and fixing methods, are detailed. Constructive Details Various constructive details, such as T encounters, corners, angles, and dilatation joints, are explained with illustrative diagrams, offering practical guidance for their execution. Execution Defects Recommendations are provided to avoid common execution defects, particularly concerning acoustic bridges. Proper sequencing and implementation of construction units are emphasized to ensure quality and compliance.
INDUSTRIALIZED TECHNICAL FLOOR SYSTEMS
Types of Flooring Systems
Hygrothermal Requirements
- Designed for normal interior hygrothermal conditions (20ºC ± 5ºC, 50-60% humidity).
- Must maintain optimal conditions (10º-45ºC, 35-70% humidity) to prevent deterioration. Other Requirements
- Additional requirements include resistance to peeling, reaction to fire, fire resistance, electrostatic conductivity, risk of electrocution, acoustic isolation, and thermal conductivity. Installation and Maintenance Previous Conditions of Installation
- Preliminary installation inspection ensures dry, clean base floors, finished masonry, closed openings, completed installations, and finished false ceilings.
- Preliminary works cover loading, unloading, transfer, storage, and layout considerations. Assembly of the PER
- Assembly starts with layout, fixing pedestals, placing full tiles, cutting perimeter tiles, and installing accessories.
- Final verification includes leveling and client acceptance. Reception and Maintenance
- Reception criteria involve compliance with prescribed model, characteristics, and installation conditions.
- Maintenance instructions cover permissible loads, tile removal, partial disassembly, cleaning, surface treatments, noises, and periodic inspection. High Pavement with Plaster Plate
- Describes gypsum board technical floor systems including dimensions, installation procedures, and considerations for pedestals, perimeter bands, glue application, and load requirements.
INDUSTRIALIZED SYSTEMS OF TECHNICAL FALSE CEILINGS
- Defines false ceiling as a secondary roof used for various purposes like concealing pipes, adjusting heights, or for decorative reasons.
- Lists benefits such as thermal and acoustic insulation, fire resistance, humidity resistance, hardness improvement, and decorative options.
- Mentions different types of false ceilings.
- Describes the structure where laminated gypsum boards are supported directly by masters fixed to the building structure.
- Typically of the "simple" type, with a single structure.
- Provides a visual representation. Suspended Continuous Ceiling:
- Describes two types: with continuous ceiling profiles and with uprights.
- Explains the use of "C" shaped profiles or uprights for support.
- Discusses variations in structure types. Recommended Minimum Qualities:
- Specifies recommended qualities based on different environments like interior areas, humid environments, and semi-open areas. Dimensioning of Continuous Ceilings:
- Discusses the minimum thickness of laminated plasterboards and the load considerations for design.
- Details requirements for fixings, suspensions, bearing elements, crossing elements, and metallic structures. Treatment of the Plenum or Chamber:
- Discusses the height of the chamber, insulation, and vapor barrier considerations.
- Mentions solutions for excess humidity or aerated plenums. Registrable False Ceilings:
- Registrable false ceilings are modular ceilings designed for easy access to installations.
- Commonly used in areas where access to installations in the plenum is required. Components of Registrable False Ceiling:
- Substructure: Supports the roof sheet and can be exposed, hidden, or semi-hidden.
- Electrical Safety: Installation should meet the requirements of CENELEC HD 384 series, ensuring safe electrical wiring within the ceiling structure. Acoustics:
- Acoustic Absorption: Absorption coefficients need to be tested according to European Standard EN ISO 354 to regulate reverberation time and sound absorption.
- Acoustic Isolation: Ceiling systems may need to reduce both airborne and impact sound transmission, requiring appropriate design considerations. Thermal Isolation:
- Demonstrating Thermal Insulation: Thermal insulation properties must be demonstrated through calculations following ISO standards, ensuring compliance with specified criteria.
- Condensation Prevention: Measures should be taken to prevent condensation within the ceiling structure, either through insulation or ventilation, as dictated by ISO standards. Durability:
- Humidity Resistance: Ceilings should resist moisture and condensation to maintain structural integrity and prevent loss of tensile strength.
- Life Requirements: Ceilings should retain their functional characteristics throughout their expected lifespan with proper maintenance.
- Protection Against Corrosion: Metal components must be protected against corrosion according to specified exposure classes. Guidelines for Installation:
- Supplier Instructions: Installation should follow supplier-provided instructions regarding component selection, installation techniques, and site conditions.
- Conditions of Installation Place: Installation should commence in dry, sealed areas, with specific temperature and humidity conditions adhered to.
- Measurement and Maximum Deviations: Requirements for levelness, flatness, and orthogonality are specified to ensure accurate installation.
WINDOWS
Introduction
- Windows in building facades serve essential functions such as communication with the outside, lighting, ventilation, and defining the building's image.
- They are highly demanding in terms of precision and assembly, typically being manufactured in workshops and installed on-site using dry construction methods. Terminology
- The components of a window include the lintel, rain gutter, and jambs, which delimit the gap in the enclosure.
- Carpentry comprises fixed and mobile parts: the frame or frame and the leaf. Windows can be classified as practicable (with frame and leaf) or fixed (with only a frame). Conditions of Behavior
- Various sections of the Technical Building Code regulate carpentry concerning wind resistance, impact resistance, protection against noise, energy-saving, and health.
- Wind resistance classification depends on factors like wind zone, height, roughness, and slenderness of the building, while impact resistance considers areas prone to impact and glass breakage types.
- Other considerations include air noise insulation, air permeability, thermal transmittance, solar factor, and surface condensation. Conditions for Window Installation
- Proper installation requires a precise correlation between the window frame and the wall, proportional fixed and mobile parts, and prevention of water, air, and dust entry. Classification According to Opening System
- Windows can be fixed, with lateral, superior, or bottom support, revolving, sliding, or double action (projectible, oscillate-batting, sliding-folding, lifted-sliding, oscillo- parallel).
- Each opening system has its advantages and limitations in terms of compatibility, ventilation, watertightness, and cleaning. Comparative Study of Window Opening Systems
- A comparative chart evaluates different opening systems based on compatibility with external shutter and interior elements, exterior cleaning, ventilation control, and watertightness. Roof Windows
- Roof windows can open to compass or rotate, each with its pros and cons regarding tightness, cleaning, and ventilation.
- Precautions include ensuring watertight joints, drainage systems, and sealing to prevent water infiltration and air circulation. PVC Carpentry Material and Manufacturing:
- PVC profiles are produced via extrusion of PVC powder, where the material is heated, plasticized, and compressed into desired shapes.
- Profiles are reinforced with steel and come in various colors, classified into different classes based on wall thickness.
- Class A profiles offer the best thermal insulation and durability. Benefits:
- PVC is resistant to weather conditions, including water, making it suitable for coastal areas.
- It offers excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, surpassing wood and aluminum.
- PVC has high resistance to fire and is self-extinguishing, reducing fire risks.
- It possesses anti-fungicide qualities, making it ideal for environments like hospitals and the food industry.
- PVC is easy to clean, work with, and recycle, and it's resistant to abrasion. Design Conditions:
- Profiles are extruded from rigid non-plasticized PVC and assembled by thermo- welding.
- Frames must have appropriate geometry for watertightness and drainage, with pressure balance ensured.
- Hardware and glazing should be selected to match PVC's properties and withstand environmental conditions.
- Installation should prevent thermal bridges, with proper sealing to ensure insulation and watertightness. Accessories for External Carpentry Assembly Elements:
- Miter cut profiles can be joined using screws, pressure, or clamping.
- Profiles joined at 90º can be connected with screws or through a trestle to regulate pressure.
Fixing Elements:
- Fixing between profiles and accessories can be done with screws or fixing plugs.
- Flashing and other elements are fixed with clips, while regulating wedges help secure windows to subframes. Drive Elements:
- Various types of cremone bolts and handles are used for maneuvering and closing windows. Turn Elements:
- Hinges are essential for casement windows. Rolling Elements:
- Rolling mechanisms are not specified. Retention Elements:
- Security elements prevent sudden closure of windows due to air pressure or weight. Sun Protection Elements:
- Options include mobile blinds, lattice blinds, PVC roller shutters, and aluminum roller shutters. **Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Material:
- Wood:**
- Advantages: Natural, good soundproofing, resistant to fire.
- Disadvantages: Requires frequent maintenance, vulnerable to weather and insects. - Aluminum:
- Advantages: Lightweight, easy to install and clean, available in various colors.
- Disadvantages: Risk of condensation, prone to corrosion. - PVC:
- Advantages: Excellent soundproofing, durable, low maintenance, wide color range.
