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3 VOCABULARY BUILDERS 102 LIST 30 List 30. ThE 20 Most COMMON SUFFIXES "This is a research-based list for those who wish to see the data. These 20 suffizes account for 93 percent of occurences. Rank Suffix Meaning % Example 1 8, es plurals 31 boys 2 ed past-tense verbs 20 wanted 3 ing verb form/present participle 14 playing 4 ly characteristic of 7 friendly 5 er, or person connected with 4 teacher 6 ion, tion, ation, ition act, process 4 action 7 ible, able can be done 2 likeable 8 al, ial having characteristics of 1 final 9 y characterized by 1 funny 10 ness state of, condition of 1 happiness 1 ity, ty state of 1 activity 12 ment action Or process 1 enjoyment 13 ic having characteristics of 1 comic 14 0us, eous, lous possessing the qualities of 1 serious 15 en made of 1 enliven 16 er comparativo 1 bigger 17 ive, ative, itive adjective fort of a nou 1 attentive 18 ful full of 1 sorrowful 19 less without 1 hopeless 20 est 7 comparative 1 biggest Al other suffixes accounted for only 7% of the words. See List 31 for a more complete list of suffixes, Source: White, T. G., Sowell, V., and Yanagihara, A. (1999). Teaching elementary students to use word-part cues. The Reading Teacher, 42, 302-308. The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, Fifth Edition, O 2006 by John Wiley €. Sons, Inc. The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, Fifth Edition, O 2006 by John Wiley €: Sons, Ino. LisT 31 103 3 VOCABULARY BUILDERS LisT 31. MORE SUFFIXES Suffixes are letter groups that are added to the end of a base word or root. They frequently signify the part of speech and sometimes add meaning. There are two types of suffixes: derivational and inflectional. Derivational suffixes are more numerous. When added to a base word, this type of suffix creates a new word that is “derived” from the base word but has a different meaning. For example, the addi- tion of less to hope creates hopeless, a word related to hope but different in meaning. The following is a list of derivational suffixes, The most frequently occurring suffixes are listed at the beginning level, Suffixes that are somewhat less frequent but still quite common are listed in Intermediate to Advanced. BEGINNING SUFFIXES Sutfix Meanin; Examples «able, -ible is, can be comfortable, learnable, walkable, climbable, perishable, durable, gullible, combustible -ar, er, -0r one who beggar, liar, teacher, painter, seller, shipper, doctor, actor, editor -en to make strengthen, fasten, lengthen, frighten, weaken -er more smarter, closer, lighter, quicker, softer, luckier -€SS one who (female) princess, waitress, cormtess, hostess, actress -est most smartest, closest, lightest, quickest, softest, luckiest -ette small dinette, diskette, majorette, barrette fal full of joy, fearful, careful, thoughtful, cheerful ish relating to childish, fiftyish, bookish, selfish less without thoughtless, tireless, joyless, ageless, careless -like resembling . lifelike, homelike, childlike, computerlike ly resembling fatherly, scholarly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly «ment action or process government, development, experiment ness state or quality of kinduess, happiness, goodness, darkness, fullness -ship state or quality of friendship, hardship, citizenship, tateruship INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning Examples -a, -a0 plural data, criteria, memoranda, alumnas, algas, formulas -acious inclined to loquacious, mendacious, audacious, fallacious «ade action Or process blockade, promenade, escapade -age action or process marriage, voyage, pilgrimage, blockage, rummage -an relating to urban, American, veteran, Hawaiian, metropolitan -ance, -ence state or quality of repentanos, annoyance, resistance, violence, absence, teticence -ancy, -ency state or quality of buoyance, truancy, vacancy, vagranoy, frequency, clemency, expediency, consistency -ant, -ent one who servant, immigrant, assistant, merchant, regent, superintendent, resident -ant inclined to vigilant, pleasant, defiant, buoyant, observant -arian one who bbrarian, humanitarian, libertarian The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, Fifíh Edition, O 2006 by John Wiley 3 Sons, Ino. . LisT 31 105 3 VOCABULARY BUILDERS Suffix Meaning Examples -und state or quality of rotund, fecund, moribund, jocund 10ns state or quality of contemptuous, tempestuous, senstous, vacous -ure actior Or process censure, procure, endure, inure, secure ward direction forward, backward, eastward, u:pward, onward ways manner sideways, longways, crossways «wise manner, direction dlockwise, lengthwise, counterclockwise y being or having fruity, sunny, rainy, fanny, gooey, chewy Inflectional suffixes indicate the grammatical form of words such as the tense or case of verbs, whether a word is an adjective or adverb, and whether a noun is plural or singular. While this sounds complicated, most native speakers of English are already using most of these suffixes in their speech prior to the beginning of formal reading instruction. Therefore, your primary task is to help them translate endings they already know into sounds. If students are reading for meaning, this may happen almost automatically. NOUN SUFFIX -s indicates that a noun is plural: books, boys, pencils, dogs, shoes, hands, desks, teachers, students ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES Many nouns and/or verbs are changed to adjectives using suffixes. Here are some examples: «y (milk—milky; trick—tricky; boss—bossy) «like (child —childlíke; boy —boylike; life—lifelike) ful (care—careful; thought—thoughtful; fear—feárful) «ish (tickle—ticklish; child—childisk; Scot—Seottish) «ic (scene—scenio; history —bistoric; metal —metallic) -ese (Japan—Japanese; Siam-—Siamese; China—Chinese) -ward (east—eastward; west-—westward; south—southward) -en (stole—stolen; chose—chosen; write—written) “These suffixes are used to compare adjectives: -er (fatter, shorter, crazier, smarter, faster) -est (fattest, shortest, craziest, smartest, fastest) VERB SUFFIXES -ed indicates past tense: walked, cooked, studied, dressed, jumped, cried, typed, tried ing indicates a presentparticiple: eating, singing, freezing, studying, dressing, going -en indicates past participle: eaten, frozen, stolen, written, hidden, forgotten, spoken -s indicates third-person singular: walks, cooks, studies, dresses, plays, runs, teaches ADVERB SUFFIX 1y (or -ily 1£ the base word ends in y) indicates an adverb, Many adjectives can be changed to adveros by adding ly. Examples: quick—quickly, clear—dlearly, beautiful —beantifully, slow—slowly, skillful—skillfully, neat—neatly, plain—plainly, loud—loudly, soft—softly, chumsy-—clumsily, hungry—huugrily, greedy—greedily See also List 157, Spelling Rules for Adding Suffixes. 3 VOCABULARY BUILDERS 106 LIST 31 MORE SUFFIXES CONTINUED NOUN SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning Examples a plural data, criteria, memoranda -ade action or process blockage, escapade, parade, promenade -ade produet or thing lemonade, marmalade -ae plural (feminine) alumnae, formulae, larvac, algas «age action ox process marriage, voyage, pilgrimage -al action Or process refusal, revival -ance state or quality of tepentance, annoyance, resistance -ancy state or quality of buoyancey, truancy, vacancy, vagranoy -ant one who servant, immigrant, assistant, merchant -ar one who beggar, liar -ard one who drunkard, steward, coward, wizard -arian one who librarian, humanitarian, libertarian art place for aquarium, planetarium, solarium -ary place for library, mortuary, sanctuary, infirmary -ation state or quality of desperation, starvation, inspiration -ation action or process “emancipation, narration, computation -cle small corpuscle, particle, icicle, cubicle «cule small minuscule, molecule -crat person of power democrat, autocrat : y state or quality of accuracy, bankruptey, conspiracy 5 y action or process truancy, diplomacy, vagrancy, piracy ! -dom state or quality of freedom, boredom, martyrdom, wisdom -ectomy surgical removal of tonsillectomy, appendectomy, mastectomy -ee object of action payee, lessee, employee -eer person engineer, puppetesr, auctioneer -ence state or quality of violence, absence, reticence, abstinence : -ency state or quality of frequency, clemency, expediency, consisteney -eune female comedienne, equestrienne, tragedienne -ext one who superintendent, resident, regent -er one who teacher, painter, seller, shipper -er action Or process murder, thunder, plunder, waiver -ery, «Ty trade Or occupation surgery, archery, sorcery, dentistry “«ery establishment bakery, grocery, fishery, nunnery -ery, Ty goods or products pottery, jewelry, cutlery -ery, -Ty state or quality of bravery, savagery, forgery, butchery -ese person chinese, portuguese “ess one who (female) waitress, actress, countess, hostess -et small midget, sonmet, bassinet, cygnet -ette small (female) dinette, cigarette, majorette -eur one who chauffeur, connoisseur, masseur eur state or quality of hauteur, grandeur -£ul full cupful, spoonfW Íy cause to be solidify, beantify The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, Fifth Edition, O 2006 by John Wiley 8. Sons, Inc. 3 VOCABULARY BUILDERS 108 LisT 31 Suffix -Ship -ship -sion -ster th «tion trix tude ty -ure -wright MORE SUFFIXES CONTINUED Meaning skill or art of state or quality of state or quality of person state or quality of state or quality of female state or quality of state or quality of action or process one who works with ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES Sutíiz -able -acious Meaning state or quality of inclined to relating to relating to inclined to relating to state or quality of inclined to inclined to relating to inclined to more (comparative) direction state or quality of relating to most (comparative) relating to full of relatiñg to telating to relating to relating to state or quality of state or quality of relating to state or quality of relating to inclined to without resembling Examples penmanship, showmanship, horsemanship friendship, hardship, citizenship tension, compulsion gangster, gamester strength, warmtb, filth, depth, length attention, caution, fascination aviatrix, executriz gratitude, fortitude, beatitude loyalty, honesty, amnesty, unity censure, failure, enclosure, exposure playwright, shipwright, wheelwright Examples drinkable, washable loquacious, mendacious, audacious, fallacious natural, royal, maternal, suicidal urban, American, Alaskan, veteran vigilant, pleasant, defiant, buoyant honorary, military, literary, ordinary Tortunate, desperate, passionate demonstrative, pejorative, talkative gullible, perishable, voluble, durable golden, ashen, wooden, earthen competent, different, excellent fatter, smaller, crazier, smarter eastern, western, northern, postern Japanese, Portuguese, Chinese, Siamese statuesque, picturesque, Romanesque fattest, smallest, smartest, fastest alphabetic, dietetic, frenetic thoughtful, joyful, careful, fearful filial, commercial, remedial barbarian, physician, Christian comic, historic, poetic, public comical, rhetorical, economical candid, sordid, lucid, splendid, rigid virile, agile, volatile, docile, fragile feminine, bovine, feline, marine gracious, ambitious, religious childish, whitish, fiftyish, Scottish active, passive, negative, affirmative thoughtless, tireless, ageless, careless childlike, homelixe, hifelike, boylike The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, Fifth Edition, O 2008 by John Wiley 8. Sons, Inc. The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, Fiféh Edition, O 2006 by John Wiley £ Sons, Inc. LisT 31 109 3 VOCABULARY BUILDERS Suffix Meaning Examples + reserabling fatherly, motherly, scholarly ly every daily, weekly, monthly, yearly «most most utmost, westernmost, innermost -oid resembling Inrmanoid, asteroid, paranoid, planetoid -0se full of verbose, morose, bellicose, comatose -0us full of joyous, virtuous, nervous, wondrous -some inclined to mmeddlesome, awesome, tiresome -th, -eth numbers fifth, twel£fth, twentieth, fiftieth -ular relating to grammar, cellular, circular, popular -ulent fall of turbulent, corpulent, fraudulent mud state or quality of rotuzad, fecund, moribund, jocund -uons state or quality of contemptuous, tempestuous, sensuous -ward direction forward, hackward, eastward, upward y state or quality of fruity, sunay, rainy, fumy, gooey VERB SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning Examples «ade action or process blockade, promenade, parade -age action or process ravage, pillage -ate to make activate, fascinate, annihilate, liberate «ble repeated action . Stumble, squalóble, riumble, tumble, fumble «ed, -d past tense “talked, walked, baked, raised -en past completed action taken, eaten, proven, stolen -en to make strengthen, fasten, lengthen, frighten, weaken -er action or process discover, murder, conquer, deliver Ly to make satisfy, terrify, falsify, beautify -ing continuous action singing, talking, jumping, eating ise to make advertise, merchandise -ish actior or process finish, flourish, nourish, punish -ize to make standardize, computerize, popularize -S, -€5 form third person runs, finishes -ure action or process censure, procure, endure, imure ADVERB SUFFIXES Suffix ly -ways -wise -ward(s) Meaning forms adverb from adjective manner manner, direction direction Examples slowly, beautifully, happily, largely sideways, always, longways, crossways clockwise, lengthwise onwards, northward See also List 28, The 20 Most Common Prefixes; List 29, More Prefixes; List 30, The 20 Most Common Suffixes; List 34, Greek and Latin Roots; List 157, Spelling Rules for Adding Suffixes; List 158, Plurals; List 180, Parts of Speech, 
