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Task 1: Summary and Questions for Yule,
chapter 3.
1.- SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER
REFERENCE AND INFERENCE
Reference clearly interrelated to the purpose of speaker to identify something and conviction of speaker in using language. In order to become success reference, we must know about the inference role too. Inference is a conclusion reached on the basis of knowledge or facts. The linguistic types in reference is the expression that maybe have form of “name, nominal phrase or nominal phrase (none fixed), and pronouns. For example: Mr. After Shave is late today.
REFERENTIAL AND ATTRIBUTIVE USES
Not at all referring expressions have identifiable physical referents. For example: (A) He wants to marry a woman with lots of money. (B) There’s a man waiting for you.
And from (A) someone is more interest to listen that the woman has much money than her name. Nominal phrase (non-fixed) can be used to explain the entity that was assumption, but is not known. In word “B” can be substituted with “anyone/anybody”. It’s naming using attributive.
NAMES AND REFERENTS
There is norm that the expression of certain reference will be used to know certain entity in a regular proof. An opinion of pragmatics is correctly allowing us to see how someone can be identified by expression. For example: (b) yeah, it’s over there on the table. (a) Can I borrow your Shakespeare?
THE ROLE OF CO-TEXT
Co-text clearly limits the range of possible interpretations we might have for a word like ‘Brazil’. For example: (a) the heart-attack mustn’t be moved. (b) a couple of rooms have complained about the heat.
(A hospital is context to (a) and the receptionist room is context to (b))
The reference analyse in a crucial manner depend on habit with socio-culture norms as basic of conclusion. So, reference is not relation between the meaning of word or phrase with or someone in this world. Reference is a social measure, where the speaker has assumption that word a mean of the speaker.
ANAPHORIC REFERENCE
In English, the beginning reference or introduce term, often not fixed (a man, a woman, a cat) in a fixed nominal (the cat, the man, the woman) and pronouns ( he, she, it, they) is the example of next reference that concern to reference has been introduced. It usually knows anaphora and the beginning expression knows Antecedent.
There is pattern inversion of anaphora antecedent that sometimes founded at the beginning of story. For example: “I turned the corner and almost step on it. There was a large snake in the middle of the path”. (In pronouns “it” is used at first and that pronoun is difficult to be interpreted). So, nominal phrase is used to the next row. It’s called cataphora.
If the explanation requires us to know an entity and there is not an expression of linguistic, this explanation is called zero anaphora or ellipsis. The function of zero anaphora as device to determine reference clearly makes a hope that enable to the speaker can conclude who or what the speaker’s mean. For example: “cook for three minutes”.
The key to understand reference is pragmatic process where speaker choose the linguistic expression with purpose to know certain entity with assumption the listener will has teamwork and understand that expression as the speaker’s mean.
2.- ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS USING YOUR OWN WORDS:
1.- Difference: Reference-Inference.
Reference: act in which a speaker/writer uses linguistic forms to enable a listener/reader to identify something (‘words don't refer, people do’).
Inference: as there is no direct relationship between entities and words, the listener's task is to infer correctly which entity the speaker intends to identify by using a particular referring expression.
- can use vague expressions ('the blue thing', 'that icky stuff')
- can use expressions focusing on one feature ('Mister Aftershave is late today‘)
2.- In which way(s) does the concept of Reference at the beginning of the chapter differ from anaphoric reference at the end?
In English, initial reference is often indefinite. The definite noun phrases and the pronouns are examples of subsequent reference to already introduced referents, generally known as anaphoric reference, or anaphora. The initial referring expression ‘six potatoes’ identifies something different from the anaphoric pronoun ‘them’, which must be interpreted as ‘the six peeled and sliced potatoes’.
3.- What is a "referring expression”? Put an example.
The referring expression provides a range of reference, a number of possible referents. The categories of referring expression are proper nouns, definite nouns, indefinite nouns, and pronouns. The choice of one type of referring expression rather than another seems to be based on what the speaker assumes the listener already knows. For example: ‘the city’, the secretary of State’ (noun phrases definite).
4.- Explain different meaning of physical in: "physical referent” and "physical environment”.
Physical referent refers the words or sentences surrounding any piece of written (or spoken) text (linguistic context), and physical environment is the whole situation in which an utterance is made (i.e. who is addressing whom, whether fomally or informally, why, for what purpose, when, where, etc).
5.- As you know, not all referring expressions are used 'referentially'. Can you explain this with an example of your own?
Indefinite noun phrases can be used to identify a physically present entity, but they can also be used to describe entities that are assumed to exist, but are unknown, or entities that, as far as we know, do not exist. For example: I want to find a job with an enormously high salary and no
