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Marta Puche Úbeda Group A
UNITS 2 & 3 ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY TASKS
ACTIVITY 2.
Blackboard: This word is formed by black + board. The “black” part makes reference to the usually dark colour that the material of the other word, the board, has. The knowledge that a blackboard is a writing surface and not just any other black board, comes from experience with the word in the context of the object to which it refers.
Watchmaker: This word is formed by watch + maker. The second word, “maker”, lets us know that the whole word makes reference to a person. In this case, by the first word, “watch”, we finally understand that it talks about a person whose occupation it is to make or repair watches.
Pushchair vs. wheelchair: These two compounds are quite similar but there is a main difference: the first word that forms them. Push isn’t the same as wheel, because the first word is a verb while the second one is a noun, so they change the whole meaning of the compound. Pushchair is a chair with wheels that has to be pushed by someone, while wheelchair is just a chair with wheels that can be or not pushed by someone.
Tablecloth vs. dishcloth: These two compounds are quite similar since they are composed in the same way: noun + noun. They make reference to an object made by clothing, but the difference is that each one is used to one specific object. Tablecloth is used to cover the table for example before eating, and dishcloth makes reference to the object that is put anywhere to protect that same place from a hot object.
Cockroach hotel: This compound is formed by two words that at first sight don’t have too much sense. Cockroach is an insect know by being disgusting and hotel is a place where people or maybe domestic animals stay, so a hotel for a disgusting animal doesn’t fit in our minds. This word makes reference to a trap, an object used as a decoy to attract them and kill them.
ACTIVITY 4.
First of all I’m going to comment the first column of words with the affix –ful. This affix is used in order to form adjectives as it happens with ‘beautiful, painful, lawful’, but the first two words don’t follow this rule so the meaning doesn’t stay stable. Handful and armful are nouns, not adjectives, but they use this affix to give sense to the word.
The second column contains words with the affix –de. In this column, every word fits with the meaning that this affix implies, which is to form verbs. It could happen, as we see in the word ‘defrost’, that this affix has a sense of undoing the action of the stem verb. All the words in this column are verbs formed with the affix –de, and the particularity of them is that everyone is transitive.
The third column is filled with verbs formed with the affix –let. This affix means and suggests something small of its kind, though this idea has softened in some with the passage of time. As we can see, the words given are nouns (objects) that are small, such as bullet, leaflet or bracelet. In this case, the affix stays stable in every one of them.
The fourth column contains words with the affix –ly. The -ly ending most characteristically marks adverbs, and is the usual way of forming them from adjectives. In this column, every word stays stable to the rule of the affix, because they are adverbs except earthly, that is an adjective, but anyway is included into the rule.
ACTIVITY 4.
First of all, I want to define what a clitic is. It’s a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but shows evidence of being phonologically bound to another word. Clitics are not always obvious, because analysts tend to jump to conclusions about whether something is a word or an affix. When you get data in written form, decisions about where to put spaces have already been made. Clitics may be written either as words or affixes, perhaps inconsistently. One type of clitic that is easy to spot is one that attaches to a variety of different types of words. An example is the possessive –‘s, as it is used in colloquial spoken English. Here are some examples of the –‘s clitic form: [The woman]’s tennis racket. [Anyone who likes children]’s ideas about child-rearing. [The one with red on’]s atrocious behavior. [People who hurry]’s ideas about politeness. [Someone who types quickly]’s job prospects
I think that trying to make a list of all the clitics is quite difficult as there are many of them used in the texts provided in the link, but anyway, I don’t think that their search is exhaustive because they are always being used through the contractions or the possessive marks.
ACTIVITY 6.
E.g. From my point of view, this is an ordinary phrase since it is made from two words that aren’t exactly related in just a noun.
Aircraft This word is a compound, and it has a meaning itself. In this word we can find air + craft, so this word becomes a noun (an object) that means an object of the air.
Chain rule These two words build an ordinary phrase. They aren’t together because it’s not necessary in order to have a single meaning.
Girlfriend This word is a compound. In this word we can find girl + friend, what makes this a single noun with an original meaning. What happens with this word is that the terms “girl” and “friend” separated doesn’t mean anything similar to girlfriend.
Collective unconscious These two words build an ordinary phrase. They are separated because the phrase has a meaning that involve the two of them and doesn’t create a new one, it just put the terms together.
