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Text Organisers, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)Idioma Inglés

Asignatura: Inglés Escrito, Profesor: , Carrera: Estudios Ingleses, Universidad: UCLM

Tipo: Apuntes

2010/2011

Subido el 07/05/2011

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Text organisers
There are many features of texts which help the reader understand how the information in the text is organised. This
term covers a wide range of linking words and phrases which make texts easier to understand. By connector is
meant any word or phrase that can stand alone at the front of a sentence, often followed by a comma.
Adding a point
•Also is used to add a point within a sentence. It is not normally used as a connector at the beginning of a
sentence in formal speech and writing.
Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment.
•As well as + noun/-ing can be used in an introductory clause.
Cars use up valuable energy resources as well as polluting the environment.
As well as polluting the environment, cars use up valuable energy resources.
As well as this can be used as a connector, referring to a previous sentence.
Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. As well as this, they make life
unpleasant in big cities.
•In addition can be used as a connector
Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. In addition, they make life
unpleasant in big cities.
•Moreover, furthermore, what is more are formal connectors which emphasize that there is an additional
point to be made.
Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. Moreover, they make life
unpleasant in big cities.
•Above all is a connector which adds a point and stresses that this point is the most important one.
Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. Above all, they make life
unpleasant in big cities.
•Besides is an informal connector: it has the same meaning as anyway or in any case.
Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. In addition, they make life
unpleasant in big cities.
Alejandro
English Teacher
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http://english.alejandro-ace-translator.co.cc
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Text organisers

There are many features of texts which help the reader understand how the information in the text is organised. This term covers a wide range of linking words and phrases which make texts easier to understand. By connector is meant any word or phrase that can stand alone at the front of a sentence, often followed by a comma.

Adding a point

  • Also is used to add a point within a sentence. It is not normally used as a connector at the beginning of a sentence in formal speech and writing.

Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment.

  • As well as + noun/-ing can be used in an introductory clause.

Cars use up valuable energy resources as well as polluting the environment.

As well as polluting the environment, cars use up valuable energy resources.

As well as this can be used as a connector, referring to a previous sentence.

Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. As well as this, they make life

unpleasant in big cities.

  • (^) In addition can be used as a connector

Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. In addition, they make life

unpleasant in big cities.

  • Moreover, furthermore, what is more are formal connectors which emphasize that there is an additional point to be made.

Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. Moreover, they make life

unpleasant in big cities.

  • Above all is a connector which adds a point and stresses that this point is the most important one.

Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. Above all, they make life

unpleasant in big cities.

  • Besides is an informal connector: it has the same meaning as anyway or in any case.

Cars use up valuable energy resources and also pollute the environment. In addition, they make life

unpleasant in big cities.

English Teacher

Contrast or concession

  • However can be used as a connector at the beginning or end of the sentence. Note that there is always punctuation on both sides of it (full stop or comma). It cannot be sued to connect two clauses.

Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy. However, they have their drawbacks.

Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy. They have their drawbacks, however.

  • Despite, in spite of + noun/-ing/the fact that + Subj. + Verb introduces a point which contrasts with a previous statement.

Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy. Despite being easy to build, they do have some

drawbacks.

  • Nevertheless, nonetheless are more formal connectors referring back to the previous point: they can also come at the end of the sentence.

Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy. Nevertheless, they do have some drawbacks.

  • (^) But joins two contrasting ideas. The but -clause always comes second.

Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy but they do have some drawbacks.

  • While, whereas, whilst

I prefer city life whereas John prefers countrylife.

  • Although contrasts two sentences.

Although we paid an enormous amount of money for the meal, the food was disappointing.

Though has the same meaning as although. It’s more common in informal speech or writing. It can be placed before or after the main clause and sometimes at the end. It requires a subject and a verb.

We paid an enormous amount of money for the meal. The food was disappointing, though.

  • Even though gives extra emphasis between two contrasting ideas within a sentence. It can be placed before or after the main clause.

I’m going to apply for the job, even though it pays very little.

  • Even if shows a condition that is unexpected in those circumstances. It is placed before or after the main clause.

I’m going to apply for the job, even if it pays very little (but I guess it will be a lot).

  • Yet has a similar meaning as however or although with a formal connotation.

These villas are only a five-minute walk from the centre, yet they are a heaven of peace.

  • Even so has a similar meaning as however or in spite of that.

He’s a very nice person. Even so, I don’t really trust him.

English Teacher

Results and reasons

  • Consequently, as a result (of)

As a result of this neglect, it is now in a poor condition.

  • Thus

It was thus impossible to gain entrance to the house.

  • Accordingly

Smith was away in Italy at the time of the attack. Accordingly, he could not have been responsible.

  • Hence explains how the words following it are explained by what has gone before

The city is the site of ancient spring and Roman bath; hence the name Bath.

  • On account of, owing to have the same meaning as because of and are both prepositions.

Maria had to retire from professional tennis on account of a foot injury.

  • Due to is a preposition with the same meaning as owing to , but which can follow be.

Maria had to retire from professional tennis due to a foot injury.

Exceptions and alternatives

  • Except (for), apart from

Except for Helen, who was still reading her old one, everyone chose a new book.

Everyone chose a new book, apart from Helen, who was still reading the old one.

  • Apart from can also mean in addition to.

Apart from the dent in the front bumper, the car had scratches all along one side.

  • (^) Instead (of + noun/-ing) means that one thing replaces another.

I decided not to take the bus, but walked instead.

Instead of taking the bus, I decided to walk.

  • Alternatively is a more formal way of starting a sentence meaning or.

Except for Helen, who was still reading her old one, everyone chose a new book.

Sequences

  • Writers often signal that they are going to make a list of points.

There are a number of ways in which this can be done.

There are several ways of looking at this matter.

  • First of all, secondly, thirdly… next, finally… are often used to number points in a sequence.

Except for Helen, who was still reading her old one, everyone chose a new book.

  • Words such as point, issue, problem, advantage can also be numbered.

The first problem facing the government is...

  • In an argument, there is often a conclusion which can be introduced by in conclusion.

In conclusion, we could say that…

Summarizing

  • To sum up can be used to introduce a summarizing comment at the end of an argument.

To sum up, it seems clear that…

  • And so forth, and so on, etc. are expressions used to say there are further points we do not mention. Note that such phrases can imply that the writer has a lot more to say but does not wish to go into detail.

English Teacher

Growth is also influenced by weather, water supply, position, and so forth.

Making assertions

  • Utterly, simply emphasize an adjective. Utterly tends to be used with negative adjectives, whereas simply can be used with both.

This is simply wonderful!

  • Utter, sheer are used with nouns to emphasize the size or amount. Utter tends to be used with negative adjectives, whereas sheer can be used with both.

Quite honestly, I think this is utter nonsense!

  • Merely/mere + noun is stronger that only/just and is used in a similar way, to make what follows seem unimportant or small.

The earth is merely a tiny unimportant speck in the Universe.

  • Literally is used to emphasize that what has been said is not an exaggeration but is really true.

There are literally thousands of people without homes.

Giving examples

  • For example, examples include, to take an example need punctuation before and after.

To take an example, swans fly several thousand kilometres…

  • e.g. is an abbreviation from Latin exempli gratia.

To take an example, swans fly several thousand kilometres…

  • Such as introduces an example.

Many birds, such as swans, migrate over long distances.

  • As far as + Subject + be concerned is a way of introducing a specific example.

As far as swans are concerned, this can involve crossing wide expanses of water.

  • Namely introduces a more specific reference after a general one.

Some groups of birds, namely swans, geese and ducks, tend to fly in a V-shaped formation.

English Teacher