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TYPES OF GRAMMAR, Apuntes de Lingüística

Universidad de Granada (UGR)Lingüística
Prof. Inmaculada Sanz

Asignatura: Lingüistica Aplicada, Profesor: Inma Sanz, Carrera: Estudios Ingleses, Universidad: UGR

Tipo: Apuntes

2010/2011

Subido el 27/06/2011

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C H A P T E R 4
LEARNING AND TEACHING
DIFFERENT
TYPES OF GRAMMAR
•The grammar that decides what people should say or not.
•Nowadays → students must learn the language that is really
used
1.1.1 PRESCRIPTIVE
GRAMMAR
•Areas in which prescriptive prevails
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C H A P T E R 4

LEARNING AND TEACHING

DIFFERENT

TYPES OF GRAMMAR

  • The grammar that decides what people should say or not.
  • Nowadays → students must learn the language that is really used 1.1.1 PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR
  • Areas in which prescriptive prevails
  • (^) Concerns the parts of speech and the rules that say how they may combined
  • There are other important concepts → context 1.1.2 TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR
  • Grammar books presuppose the student knowledge of the terms of traditional grammar → not always true.

1.1 WHAT IS GRAMMAR?

  • Based on the concept of phrase struture 1.1.3 STRUCTURAL GRAMMAR
  • Based on the concept of phrase structure
  • Usually presented in tree diagrams
  • Used by teachers in substitution tables
  • The knowledge of language that speaker possesses in the mind → grammatical competence 1.1.3 GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE
  • The knowledge of the speaker of how language is used → communicative competence
  • All the possible uses of the language → pragmatic competence
  • Content words → their meaning can be looked up in a dictionary and it’s easy to invent new content words. There are other characteristics in content words 1.2.1 CONTENT AND STRUCTURE WORDS
  • Structure words → described in grammatical books and it’s not easy to invent new structure words. There are other characteristics in structure words
  • Stage 4 → preposition-stranding and “-ing” ending
  • Stage 5 → question words, “-s” third person, structure of the sentence
  • Stage 6 → order of subordinate clauses

1.3 THE

PROCESSABILITY

MODEL

  • Learners go through these stages in the same order
    • Processability model ↔ teachability model
  • Textbooks are in conflict with the processability model → textbooks differ from these six stages
  • Errors due to learner’s interlanguage rules → how and when correct students errors
    • Principles of universal grammar → all languages have them in common
    • Locality → movements for question have to be local: in the same area of the structure of the sentence. 1.4.1 PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE IN UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
  • (^) Locality principle is built into the human mind
  • Locality principle affects to interlanguage → interlanguage must conform to language principles

1.4 PRINCIPLES AND

PARAMETERS

GRAMMAR

  • They must capture differences between languages
  • Pro-drop languages – Non pro-drop languages: the subject doesn’t need to be actually present or no in declarative sentences 1.4.2 PARAMETERS OF VARIATION IN UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
  • Differences in learning between pro-drop or non pro-drop languages in first and second language and vice versa?
  • Parameters of variation must to be acquired → languages principles don’t have to be learnt.
  • continuing learning outside of class
  • allow learner control over the learning process
  • The SLA research has changed the perspective of grammar:
  • The category of grammatical morphemes in SLA cut across teaching categories of prepositions, articles and forms of be.
  • Principles and paramaters theory → language teaching
  • Teachers are able to understand better the processes of students’ learning

1.5 L2 LEARNING

OF GRAMMAR

AND L

GRAMMAR IN

LANGUAGE

TEACHING

  • Learner’s general awareness → better before the students start learning the L 1.6.2 LANGUAGE AWARENESS
  • Features of the first language → help students to understand the second language
  • Does focus on form contributes to the student learning and how 1.6.3 FOCUS ON FORM
  • Useful → within other activities and taking into account that all parts of grammar can not be treated in the same way.