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Monday, 11/09/
PRACTICE 1
(Mabel, Elena, Aaron)
What do we know about emotions?
1. What is an emotion? It is a state that all the members of the specie experience
because of changes in their outer or inner environment. They are transitive, come
and leave easily.
2. Which emotions can we list? Hunger, sleepiness, sadness, passion, fear, greed, joy,
surprise, anger, disgust, surprise, shame, love, anxiety, pain, empathy, lonelyness,
pain, frustration.
3. Do all humans experience similar emotions? Yes. We feel the same emotions caused
by different stimuli and felt and expressed in different ways.
4. Emotion and cognition:
-Can we think without feeling? Yes.
-Can we feel without thinking? No.
Tuesday, 12/09/
Basic emotions: they aren’t clear. Several different classifications, but the important things is that we all humans feel and express emotions in a similar way. Phineas Gage. Damage to the medial prefrontal lobes, the site os planning and emotion. After this damage he completely change, he wasn’t able to control his emotions. Witch structures are able to control the emotions? Frontal cortex, because is a decision making. If emotional signals are beneficial, they will evolve to more effectively communicate and may lose their original meaning (the animal that burke at you and the runaway)opposite messages are often signed by opposite movements, ‘principle of antithesis’ Threat displays, for example, are beneficial – intimidate victims without the costs and risks for fight.
THEORIES OF EMOTION
-James-Lange (is wrong) First u feel the feeling and then you have the emotional reaction Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response which triggers emotions. Autonomic/Skeleton response necessary for emotion.
-Cannon-Bard (is wrong) Says that the systems are independent, feelings and physical are Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeleton responses and emotions Autonomic/skeletal response independent of emotion.
ACTIVITY 2
We have to give a mark to each slide we are going to see, and the other half os the class have to do the same, while he have different expressions. One group was smiling and the other was making disgusting faces. For the first time, the group that was smiling was not the one that scores the most. 3 2 3 2 4 2 3 4 3 3
The hypothesis, of that is that face expression can modulate or influence ours feelings, in somehow triggers emotions. wha SHAM RAGE. Decorticated cats exhibit extreme and unfocussed aggressive responses. Hypothalamus must be intact to express the emotions. Perhaps hypothalamus is needed for expression of aggression and cortex serves to inhibit and direct responses. (the cortex hold the hypothalamus almost all the time)
LIMBIC SISTEM AND EMOTION
Limbic means The hypothalamus is the brain structure most important. Send signals to the pituitary gland and accord to this, some hormones are blown into the torrent blood Amygdala, we’ve got two, one per hemisphere. There are more connections from the amygdala to the anterior cortex than the other way run. And this is a cause of the control of the emotions. The amygdala always wants to ‘attack’ and the anterior sigulary cortex to control it.
KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME
Rare cerebral neurological disorder. Urge to put objects into mouth, memory loss, extreme sexual behaviour, visual distractibility.
EMOTIONS AND THE AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SISTEM
Two important questions. Which patterns of ANS activity are associated with specific emotions? Are ANS measures effective on polygraph? There is not a separate ANS profile for each emotion, but we still use the polygraph. It doesn’t detect lies, not even emotions cause the responses made by the ANS are very similar to all the emotions, it only detect physical changes. Lie detection is really emotion detection (analysing the physical reactions of the body)
ACTIVIY 3
Monday 18-09-
Emotions and facial expressions The meaning of facial expressions appear to be universal Six primary emotions : Naturally occurring expressions are usually variations or combinations of the basic ones *Facial feedback hypothesis – smiling makes you happier, facial muscles influence emotional experience *Microexpressions – brief facial expressions reveal true feelings, may break through false ones. Different muscles involved in fake and real smiles *Current perspective: body cues also play a major role in expressions of emotions
Fear, Defense, and Aggressions Fear- emotional reactions of threat Aggressive behaviours - designed to threaten or harm (which is intentional, and doesn’t have to be physical) Defensive behaviours – designed to protect from threat or harm (motivated by fear) Social aggressions – unprovoked attakcs one members of one’s own species to establish dominance Defensive attack – aggressive behaviours, as when cornered.
( fight flight or freeze)
Types of aggressive and defense behaviors. Colony-Iintruder model of aggression and defense in rats. Study interaction between alpha male of an established colony with a small male intruder.
19-09-2017 Tuesday If serotonin (5HT) turnover is decreased the aggressive behaviour is increased. Doesn’t mean that one causes the other.
5-HIAA Serotonin metabolite. We can find it in cerebrospinal fluid, blood and urine. Allows researchers to infer turnover rate. High levels of it, imply much serotonin release and turnover. Research with monkeys has demonstrated that low levels of 5-HIAA increase the probability of attack on a larger monkey. It looks like if you increase 5HT concentration, the levels f 5-HIAA, are increased too.
Why they do that if this isn’t the clever behaviour? Maybe this helps them socially. The rework for them will be a better status inside the group.
Monkeys with high levels of serotonin,(5-HIAA) were mostly to survive more. Evolution seems to select for an intermediate amount of anxiety (fear) and aggression. Evolution might also select for high aggressive behaviours. , May die young but are more likely to achieve a domination position within the troop. The usual rule says that longer you survive, then you have more probability to reproduce.
Activity 4
Watch and write down your emotions. 1)i feel a little afraid, but mostly I feel anger, disgust
- Shame. We feel empathy even we aren’t sympathy to her .Mirror neurons are able to reproduce what we see, in our brain. Empathy is just for human beings? No.
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF GEAR CONDITION
Fear condition Not all the fear has been learned.. -pair a neutral stimulus (a tone) with an aversive stimulus (a shock) -Present the tone later and the animal will show a conditional fear response.
AMYGDALA AND FEAR CONDITION
Lesions of the amygdala block fear condition.
Threatening sound
• Thalamus Auditory cortex Amygdala PAG behaviour response (fast response like avoid a sound)
• Medial Geniculate nucleus Amygdala Hypothalamus Sympathetic response (physiological response
like, a stress reaction, preparing your body to spend energy)
Activity 5 about stressors.
• Exams
• Living in Valencia
• Talking in public
• Working in teams
The stress is an immediate response, it gives us energy in order to expend it to solve a problem. The brain deals every stress situations as if it were death or live situations.
Part 2
• Talking in public
• Run because I’m late
What is the rol of emotions in solving stress situations?
Monday 25-09-
Three man points have advanced the understanding of brain mechanisms of emotions Brain activity associated with each human emotions is diffuse There is usually motor and sensory regional activity along with an emotional response brain activity for experienced
Amygdala and human emotion Amygdalas in humans appear to have a more general role in emotions, not just in fear The amygdala appears to play a role in evaluating the emotional significance of situations
Prefrontal medial lobes (Phineas case)
Orbitofrontal Cortext (ofc) (Orbitofrontal cortex: intermediary of brain mechanisms in emotional responses and automatic control mechanisms of complex behaviours)
Afferences from: Dorsomedial thalamus, temporal cortex, ventral tegmental area, olfactory System, amygdala, Frontal Lobes. What’s going on in the environment? Planning: frontal lobes.
Efferences to: Cingulate Cortex. Hippocampal Formation, Temporal Cortex, Lateral HPT, Amygdala. Influencing behaviour as well as physiological and emotional responses
Medial Prefrontal lobes and human emotions Emotion and cognition are better studied as components of the same system. Medial portions of the prefrontal lobes are sites of emotion-cognition interaction. Medial prefrontal …..
Lateralization of emotions Early theories of lateralization may have been too general. Asymmetry of facial expression studies indicate that majority of people have right-hemisphere dominance for facial expressions Similar in monkeys. You’re better without your left hemisphere. Act against the perception of emotions.
Current perspectives. Emotional situation produce widespread activation in the brain, not just in the amygdala. Brain areas activated by emotions are also activated by others psychological process like.. …..
Stress and health Stress – reaction to harm or threat Stressors – stimuli that causes stress Chronic psychological stress – most clearly linked to ill health In the short-term, stress is adaptive; in the long-term, it is maladaptive.
Activity 5, organize physical and psychological stressors. Concept of stress Hans Seley (1979) defined stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it.
Write down (portfolio) what have you done and which results have you got.
Tuesday 26-09-
Stress and the HPA-Axis (hypothalamus pituitary adrenal)
HPA axis becomes dominant response to prolonged stressors Activation of the HPT introduces pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ACTH simulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol Cortisol helps to mobilize energies to fight a difficult situation
Psychoneuroimmunology The study of the interaction of psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system.
Psychosomatics disorders: the case of gastric ulcers -Gastric ulcers – lesions of stomach lining and duodenum More common in those who are stressed; readily created in the animal lab Ulcers are caused by a bacteria- stress appears to make the body vulnerable 75% of healthy people
Stress and the immune System Immune system: Cells that protect the body against viruses and bacteria by producing leukocytes (white blood cells) B-cells: leukocytes that mature in the bone marrow and secrete antibodies. Antibodies: Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens. Antigens: any substance which provokes an adaptive immune response.
Immune system ( Divisions of the mammalian immune system )
Innate immune system: -First line of defense -Attacks generic classes of pathogens
Adaptive immune system: -Targets specifics pathogens identifies by their antigens -Has memory (the basis of effectiveness of vaccination) -Cytokines activate lymphocytes (with blood cells)
How does Stress influence influence immune function?
Effects of stress on immune function depends on the kind of stress -Acute stressors improve immune function -Chronic stressors impair immune function
Many ways that stress can impact immune function -Effects of stress can be good (adaptive and healthful) bad or mixed
Stress and the immune system
During an infection, leukocytes and other cells produce small proteins called cytokines -Combat infection and communicate with the barin to inform of illness
Cytokines in the brain produce symptoms of illness -Fever, Sleepiness, lack of energy, etc... -Sleep and inactivity are the bodies way of conserving energy to fight illness PRO-INFLAMATORI CYTOKINES ANTI-INFLAMATORI CYTOKINES Psychoneuroimmunology deals with the way in which experiences alter the immune systems Also deals with how the immune system influences the central nervous system Activity 7 When a zebra is under attack, all the energy in its body will be going to the muscles and every other processes will be shut down in order to save an energy that is needed for the immediate survival. True or false and why? False, more than shutting down the correct word would be focusing. To shut down a system you need energy, and you can’t expend it if you want to save all the resources to survive, also you can’t kill your own system. A scratch of a lion could bring some issues to the zebra by its antigens, so the zebra can’t turn off its immunity system.
Monday 2-10-
Stress and the hippocampus
-hippocampus has many glucocorticoid receptors -following stress: Dendrites of pyramidal cells are shorter and less branches Adult neurogenesis of granule cells reduced -Effects blocked with adrenalectomy; produced with corticosteroids (the cortisol is a catabolic hormone that is able to destroy some parts of the hippocampus) (the hippocampus has two types of receptors GR and MR) Cortisol has more affinity for the Mineralcorticoide Receptors so that even low levels, has the same level of response) cortisol always prefere mr receptors, even in low cortisol levels in our turrent blood, els receptors de mr s’ocupen antes que el gr per lo tant si el gr esta ocupat es perquè ho ha mes cortisol.
Stress is good for getting clear memories, but is bad for recovering memories
Prolonged stress can also be harmful to the hippocampus ans can affect memory Cortisol enhances metabolic activity in the body When metabolic activity is high in the hippocampus, the neurons are more sensitive to damage by toxins or over- simulation Stress also impairs the production of ne hippocampal neurons.
Why down-regulation? Hippocampus(GR)- crh- acth – cortisol Hippocampus (GR) could gets information for the acth crh or cortisol it selves. It’s very efficient, because the evolution, becaouse it should be very important to finally regulate it
Defense mechanism against catabolic effects produced by high levels C levels
