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Slide riassuntive del libro "Pragmatics" Joan Cutting
Tipologia: Sintesi del corso
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(^) In linguistics, corpus (plural corpora ) is a large and structured set of texts. (^) A corpus may contain single texts in single language ( monolingual corpus ) or text data in multiple languages ( multilingual corpus ). Multilingual corpora that have been specially formatted for side-by-side comparison are called aligned parallel corpora. ( Webster’s Online Dictionary ) Now texts are usually electronically stored and processed.
(^) a collection of texts that are representative of a given language. (^) used for linguistic analysis (^) naturally-occurring, natural, authentic language (^) gathered according to explicit design criteria (Tognini-Bonelli, Corpus linguistics at work , 2001:2)
100 million-word, samples of written texts (90m words) and spoken language (10m words), time span 1960(fiction)- 1975(non-fiction)
500 samples (300 spoken, 200 written), ~2,000 words each, 1990 onwards, 20 national varieties of English (e.g. UK, India, Singapore, Australia, India, Jamaica)
450M words, full texts, open, written and spoken, mainly US and UK
(^) spoken vs. written (^) monolingual vs. bi/multilingual (^) parallel vs. comparable corpora (translation corpora) (^) general language purpose vs. specialised language purpose (large corpora) (small corpora) (^) diachronic vs. synchronic (^) plain text vs. annotated (tagged) text
Monolingual Language for General Purposes (LGP) Language for Special Purposes (LSP) Reference corpora Medical Corpora Economic corpora Legal corpora
Bi-multilingual Comparable Parallel L1 L2 L3 L-N Translations L1 to L2 Bidirectional L1 to L2 Free L2 to L1 Translat
(^) Lexicography / terminology (^) Linguistics / computational linguistics Dictionaries & grammars ( Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners; Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English) Critical Discourse Analysis
General lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of general dictionaries. LGP dictionary. Specialized lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of specialized dictionaries. LSP dictionary Terminology the usage and study of terms, that is to say words and compound words generally used in specific contexts. This study can be limited to one language or can cover more than one language at the same time ( multilingual terminology , bilingual terminology , and so forth).
(^) Research on empirical linguistics (^) Study language use in various aspects
Language Teaching / Learning and Corpora
“to expound, test or exemplify theories and descriptions that were formulated before large corpora became available to inform language study” (Tognini-Bonelli, Corpus linguistics at work , 2001:65)
“The corpus is more than a repository of examples to back pre- existing theories; recurrent patterns and frequency distributions are expected to form the basic evidence for linguistic categories” (Tognini-Bonelli, Corpus linguistics at work , 2001:84) Language Teaching and Corpus- driven approach
(^) Intuition alone is not enough
TEXT CORPUS Read whole Read fragmented Read horizontally Read vertically Read for content Read for formal patterning Read as a unique event Read for repeated events Read as an individual act of will Read as a sample of social practice Coherent communicative event Not a coherent communicative event (Tognini-Bonelli 2001: 3)
