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Slide riassuntive del libro "Pragmatics" Joan Cutting
Tipologia: Sintesi del corso
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Caricato il 28/08/2019
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Key points
Key points
Discourses are the spoken or written practices or visual
Discourses are the spoken or written practices or visual
representations which characterize a topic, an era, or a cultural
representations which characterize a topic, an era, or a cultural
practice.
practice.
.
.
Discourse analysis spans
Discourse analysis spans a broad field from formal linguistic
a broad field from formal linguistic
approaches through Foucauldian analyses to cultural and critical
approaches through Foucauldian analyses to cultural and critical
communication studies approaches
communication studies approaches
.
.
Foucauldian discourse analysis identifies statements and tracks
Foucauldian discourse analysis identifies statements and tracks
their changes and challenges historically in the mapping of the
their changes and challenges historically in the mapping of the
creation and maintenance of power-laden discourses
creation and maintenance of power-laden discourses
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) seeks how discursive practices
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) seeks how discursive practices
within societal structures secure and maintain power over people
within societal structures secure and maintain power over people
Various hybrid approaches to discourse analysis, combining with
Various hybrid approaches to discourse analysis, combining with
other forms of analysis and interpretation, continue to be other forms of analysis and interpretation, continue to be
developed.
developed.
Foucauldian discourse analysis
Foucauldian discourse analysis
The Foucauldian approach uses historical and political
The Foucauldian approach uses historical and political
tracking of documentation over time and the conceptual
tracking of documentation over time and the conceptual
notion of power for interpretation.
notion of power for interpretation.
Once a discourse has been established, Foucault
Once a discourse has been established, Foucault
suggests that it disperses throughout society. He uses the
suggests that it disperses throughout society. He uses the
metaphor of the body to represent society in order to
metaphor of the body to represent society in order to
show discourses filtering through the arterial and venous
show discourses filtering through the arterial and venous
systems of the populace and then being fed back in a
systems of the populace and then being fed back in a
cyclical process through the capillaries, enabling
cyclical process through the capillaries, enabling
maintenance and reinforcement.
maintenance and reinforcement.
Power is a key aspect of discourse. Technologies of power
Power is a key aspect of discourse. Technologies of power
include
include
sovereign power (monarchy)
sovereign power (monarchy)
disciplinary power (legal system)
disciplinary power (legal system)
maintained through ‘normalisation’ of discourses
maintained through ‘normalisation’ of discourses
surveillance and monitoring,
surveillance and monitoring,
and enforced by the law, police, warders and the courts.
and enforced by the law, police, warders and the courts.
Foucauldian discourse analysis
Foucauldian discourse analysis
Two aspects:
Two aspects:
The outside looking in
The outside looking in :
:
historical development and tracking of a discourse over time,
historical development and tracking of a discourse over time,
mapping the surfaces, identifying the players and the social,
mapping the surfaces, identifying the players and the social,
economic, and political climate which fostered its development.
economic, and political climate which fostered its development.
Locating challenges and seeing what happened to these –
Locating challenges and seeing what happened to these –
where did they come from? Why? And if they were rejected,
where did they come from? Why? And if they were rejected,
how were they dispensed with? And by whom? For what
how were they dispensed with? And by whom? For what
purpose?
purpose?
The inside looking out
The inside looking out :
:
to identifying constituents in terms of statements, themes,
to identifying constituents in terms of statements, themes,
arguments, traces of challenges and traces of ideas which
arguments, traces of challenges and traces of ideas which
changed directions.
changed directions.
Seeking disunity, discontinuity and the limits to the discourse,
Seeking disunity, discontinuity and the limits to the discourse,
monitoring dispersion and tracking discontinuity.
monitoring dispersion and tracking discontinuity.
Limitations of Foucauldian
Limitations of Foucauldian
analysis
analysis
The focus on language has been seen to exclude
The focus on language has been seen to exclude
other contextual experiences which may be
other contextual experiences which may be
relevant.
relevant.
Language may also be problematic depending on
Language may also be problematic depending on
whether it is seen as structuralist in meaning or
whether it is seen as structuralist in meaning or
post structuralist (transitional) as well as having
post structuralist (transitional) as well as having
single or multiple meanings.
single or multiple meanings.
Feminists have criticised Foucault for not
Feminists have criticised Foucault for not
addressing the social position of women as being
addressing the social position of women as being
different from powerless groups in general.
different from powerless groups in general.
The absence of praxis – actually doing something
The absence of praxis – actually doing something
about any imbalances of power
about any imbalances of power
Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis
The basic premise of CDA is that discourse is shaped
The basic premise of CDA is that discourse is shaped
by social groupings, culture and constructs and has
by social groupings, culture and constructs and has
the power to limit our knowledge and beliefs.
the power to limit our knowledge and beliefs.
3 things interact:
3 things interact:
the text
the text (representing facts , beliefs and events
(representing facts , beliefs and events
identity construction and interpretation)
identity construction and interpretation)
discursive practices
discursive practices (the rules, norms, behavours,
(the rules, norms, behavours,
speech, social identites and hierachies that
speech, social identites and hierachies that
maintain power and create responses to the text
maintain power and create responses to the text
the
the broad social contex
broad social contex t
t
(Fairclough, 2000
(Fairclough, 2000 )
Guidelines for CDA
Guidelines for CDA
Identify Framing
Identify Framing
Read the text twice; first generally next more critically within the expected
Read the text twice; first generally next more critically within the expected
structure of its genre
structure of its genre
Identify strategies of placement (headings, graphs, pictures, keywords,etc)
Identify strategies of placement (headings, graphs, pictures, keywords,etc)
Note what could have been said (but wasn’t)
Note what could have been said (but wasn’t)
Whose voices are used and whose are missing?Whose voices are used and whose are missing?
Interpretation
Interpretation
Note use of sentences – how many on one aspect of a topic how many on
Note use of sentences – how many on one aspect of a topic how many on
another
another
Who is depicted as powerful? Who is passive? Why?
Who is depicted as powerful? Who is passive? Why?
Note use of passive verbs to focus on one aspect
Note use of passive verbs to focus on one aspect
Question statements the author is taking for granted
Question statements the author is taking for granted
Note insinuations to take power from people (minimising, comparing with
Note insinuations to take power from people (minimising, comparing with
others)
others)
Note connotations eg ‘terrorist’ v ‘freedom fighter’
Note connotations eg ‘terrorist’ v ‘freedom fighter’
Note use of uncertainty (may, might, should, could) to slant informationNote use of uncertainty (may, might, should, could) to slant information
Register: is it optimism? Is it scepticism?Register: is it optimism? Is it scepticism? Does it useDoes it use direct quotes (moredirect quotes (more
legitimate) or 3rd person comment (less powerful)? legitimate) or 3rd person comment (less powerful)?
Thomas Huckin (1997 Thomas Huckin (1997))
Criticisms of CDA
Criticisms of CDA
If action and emancipation are core to CDA how will
If action and emancipation are core to CDA how will
they be evaluated as outcomes?
they be evaluated as outcomes?
How systematic is CDA analysis? Linguistically
How systematic is CDA analysis? Linguistically
speaking
speaking
Is the political analysis actually derived from
Is the political analysis actually derived from
systematic analysis of the language or is this shaped
systematic analysis of the language or is this shaped
and used to further researcher political interests?
and used to further researcher political interests?
Are people active agents able to identify and resist
Are people active agents able to identify and resist
oppression or rather to recognise it but too
oppression or rather to recognise it but too
conditioned to act effectively?
conditioned to act effectively?
Has the dynamic and multiple natures of individuals
Has the dynamic and multiple natures of individuals
and their different interpretations over time been
and their different interpretations over time been
adequately recognised?
adequately recognised?
