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pragmatics - exchange structure, Sintesi del corso di Lingua Inglese

Slide riassuntive del libro "Pragmatics" Joan Cutting

Tipologia: Sintesi del corso

2018/2019

Caricato il 28/08/2019

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Conversation
Exchange structure (discourse analysis) vs conversation analysis.
The discourse analysis is the bigger area.
Premises:
Language does not exist in isolation.
Utterances are linked in cohesive and coherent text; every chunk of conversation is
related to the surrounding chunks of conversation.
Each speaker is affected by what the previous speaker says, and affects what the
next speaker will say.
Conversation occurs in strings of related and combined utterances.
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Conversation

Exchange structure (discourse analysis) vs conversation analysis. The discourse analysis is the bigger area. Premises:

  • Language does not exist in isolation.
  • Utterances are linked in cohesive and coherent text; every chunk of conversation is related to the surrounding chunks of conversation.
  • Each speaker is affected by what the previous speaker says, and affects what the next speaker will say.
  • Conversation occurs in strings of related and combined utterances.

Exchange Structure

Exchange structure looks at the different parts of the conversation. Through the analysis of classroom conversation —> regular structure. A lesson can be broken down into 5 levels of structure, or ranks:

  • Act.
  • IRF move.
  • Exchange.
  • Transaction.
  • Speech event.

IRF moves

Acts are usually performed in a fixed order (IRF):

  • Initiation : different pragmatic function: inform (give information), direct (give orders), elicit (request response), nominate (name responder), check (check progress), prompt.
  • Response : react (physical) / acknowledge, and reply.
  • Follow-up : accept (signal you’ve received the information), evaluate (evaluate hearer’s answer). In IRF moves can be more complex, including mixed structures, or even more elliptical.

Exchange

IRF moves which are thematically / semantically connected from an exchange (a single IRF move or a series of IRF moves related to a single micro-topic form an exchange). Note that simple exchanges may coincide with an IRF move.

Speech Event

All transactions combine to form a speech event.

Limitation of exchange

structure theory

It works only in contexts with:

  • Asymmetrical power relationship (one handles all the questioning, the hearer has the role of providing answers —> applicable in contexts like doctor-patient interaction, quiz shows, interviews, trails, etc.).
  • Task-oriented (not for occasional / everyday / unplanned conversation).
  • It handles a large number of participants but with predeterminate roles.

Conversation analysis

Analytical tools for conversation analysis: the concept of:

• Turn-taking.

• Adjacency pairs.

• Sequences.

Turn-taking

Conversation functions according to the rules of turn-taking. Speakers can take the floor at transition relevance points (TRP), which occur:

  • When the speaker finishes to talk.
  • When the relevant information has been given, and hearer predicts that the turn is about to be completed. Two possibly problematic cases:
  • Interruption (before TRP).
  • Overlap (after TRP, but before the speaker has finished to talk).

Sequences

Conversation organised in stretches of utterances:

  • Opening and closing sequences: introducing or closing conversational exchanges.
  • Pre-sequence: prepares the ground for a further sequence and signals the type of utterance to follow.
  • Insertion sequence: placed between an adjacency pair.