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Advanced LATEX
Tim Love
September 11, 1997
This document follows on from the Word processing using LATEX^1 doc- ument. It describes the features of LATEX 2 that people at CUED are most likely to use. Further information is available from the LaTeX help page^2 and in the books available for loan from the operators in the DPO. The Local LATEX^3 document is a companion to this one. It describes some fea- tures especially suited to writing theses (bibliography and index com- pilation, for example) and includes a list of available packages. Comments and bug reports to Tim Love ([email protected]).
Contents
1 LATEX Concepts 2
1.1 Environments and commands....................... 2 1.2 Classes and packages............................ 3 1.3 Errors..................................... 3 1.4 Files created................................. 4 1.5 How to use LATEX at CUED......................... 5
2 Document structure 5
2.1 Counters and Length parameters..................... 5 2.2 Document and page organisation..................... 6 2.3 Pagebreaks, footnotes, etc......................... 8
3 Color and Fonts 9
3.1 Colored text................................. 9 3.2 Special characters.............................. 10 3.3 Font Sizes.................................. 11 3.4 Font Types.................................. 11 (^1) http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex basic/latex basic.html (^2) http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/LaTeX intro.html (^3) http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/local LaTeX/local LaTeX.html
Copyright c
1997 by T.P. Love. This document may be copied freely for the pur- poses of education and non-commercial research. Cambridge University Engineer- ing Department, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England.
1. LATEX CONCEPTS
3.5 Postscript Fonts............................... 12 3.6 Font attributes................................ 12 3.7 Selection commands............................ 13
4 Environments 14
4.1 Alignments.................................. 14 4.2 Listing Items................................. 14 4.3 Tabular.................................... 16 4.4 Array..................................... 17 4.5 Pictures.................................... 17 4.6 Maths..................................... 18 4.7 Figures.................................... 18 4.8 Tabbing.................................... 19 4.9 Verbatim................................... 19 4.10 Quote, abstract............................... 20 4.11 Letter..................................... 20 4.12 Curriculum Vitae.............................. 20
5 Customising 20
5.1 Macros.................................... 20 5.2 Modifications................................ 20 5.3 New Commands.............................. 21 5.4 Packages................................... 21 5.5 An Example................................. 22
6 More Information 22
1 LATEX Concepts
1.1 Environments and commands
LATEX is a macro-package for TEX which has many preset environments where much of the setting up that TEX users have to do explicitly is done for you. An environ- ment has the form
\begin{ environment name } . \end{ environment name } LATEX also has commands which affect the formatting of the document. Their arguments are given in braces. For example,
\textit{This is much more important} than this.
produces as output This is much more important than this.
1. LATEX CONCEPTS
improper use of special characters
forgetting to have the appropriate \usepackage{...} lines.
a error like this
Overfull \hbox (15.42563pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 285--288 \OT1/ppl/m/n/10 You can cre-ate ver-tical space between lines or ho-ri-zontal space between
means that lines 285 to 288 are producing a text line about 15 pts (about 5mm) too wide. \OT1/ppl/m/n/10 is the specification of the font used. When TEX does right and left alignment, it works out how much space it needs to leave between words and where to hypenate words if necessary. But the amount of space it’s prepared to leave has to fall within a certain range and it will only split words in certain places (shown in the error message by a hyphen). If these restrictions mean that LATEX can’t produce a satisfactory line, it will pro- duce as much of the line as it can. A re-phrasing of the offending sentence will usually solve the problem. Another thing you might try is to control the way a troublesome word is hyphenated using something like
\hypenation{furthermore fur-ther-more}
at the top of your file. If all else fails, use {\sloppy...} to enclose the of- fending text. LATEX issues a *.
This means LATEX needs more input. It probably means you’ve missed out an \end{document}, but if not you may be able to get LATEX to continue pro- cessing as best it can by typing . ! Argument of \label has an extra }
If you’re sure you haven’t left out a left brace, then maybe you need to protect the inmost (fragile) command. For example, \label is fragile which causes a problem in \caption{Picture\label{margin}}, so the safer construc- tion \caption{Picture\protect\label{margin}} has to be used.
1.4 Files created
More than just the .dvi file may be produced. Don’t worry about them – except perhaps for the log file you won’t need to look at them.
.aux cross references, etc
.toc created by \tableofcontents
.lof created by \listoffigures
.lot created by \listoftables
.log a copy of the diagnostic output that usually comes out on the screen.
Some common errors can be found using the lacheck program on the LATEX file.
2. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE
1.5 How to use LATEX at CUED
From the command line – After running latex at least twice, you should be able to preview your *.dvi document using xdvi and print it using plotview, but if postscript is implicated at all (if you load in graphics, use postscript fonts, scale, use color, or rotate) then you should convert your *.dvi doc- ument to postscript. A typical sequence of commands to process doc.tex would be
latex doc latex doc dvips doc.dvi -o doc.ps ghostview doc.ps lp -dljmr1 -opostscript doc.ps
Using xlatex – xlatex has buttons to process, preview and print your document (or selected pages of it), and convert it to postscript. Just type xlatex file- name.
Writing a LATEX document is rather like writing a program. This makes using LATEX more difficult in some respects than using a word processor, but there are ad- vantages too. For instance creating a table of contents is trivial. Beginners often use unnecessary ‘\’ sequences and write ‘{\large \textbf{2.1 Method}}\’ when ‘\subsection{Method}’would be much better. Users who think they know more about typesetting than LATEX (those who, for example, like underlining) will waste a lot of time too.
Avoid repeating constructions. Instead, write your own macros and commands, and familiarise yourself with the packages described in the Local LATEX^4 guide.
2 Document structure
2.1 Counters and Length parameters
Counters :- LATEX maintains many counter variables ( e.g. page, part, equation, footnote, textttchapter, textttparagraph, textttsection, textttsubsection, textttsub- subsection, textttenumi, etc). You can set these counters yourself. Some examples:-
\setcounter{page}{0} \addtocounter{chapter}{2}
Length Parameters :- LATEX accepts the following units of length: in, cm, mm, pt (there are 72.27 pts to an inch), em (width of an M), ex (height of an x). These units can be used to set the values of length variables using \setlength. For example,
\setlength{\parindent}{0in}
sets to zero the amount by which the first line of a paragraph is indented. Other useful length parameters are:- (^4) http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/local LaTeX/local LaTeX.html
2. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE
\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-1cm} \addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-1cm} \addtolength{\textwidth}{2cm}
Further support for control of page layout is provided by the geometry^5 pack- age. To see the current values of these dimensions, use the layout package, which defines a \layout command. For A3 output, add \usepackage{a3} to your latex source file, run latex on it, convert the resulting file to Postscript using dvips -t a3 ... then print using lp -oa3 -dljmr .... Title Pages :- The title page of this document was created by the following LATEX commands.
\title{Advanced \LaTeX} \author{Tim Love} \date{\today} \maketitle
Contents :- Use \tableofcontents to create a contents list at that point in the document. LATEX will pick out the sections, subsections etc for you. You’ll have to run LATEX at least twice though. Page numbers and Headings :- These are determined by the argument given in pagestyle{}.
plain :- the page numbers are put at the bottom of the page. The top of the page is empty. This is the default mode. empty :- this suppresses page numbering altogether, except on the title page it you’re using \maketitle. The workaround in this case is to do \maketitle \thispagestyle{empty} with no gap between the two lines. headings :- this puts the page numbers at the top and adds a header whose contents depend on the document style.
fancyhdr^6 is a popular package that adds useful page headers when \pagestyle{fancy} is used. This handout uses it. Long section titles can cause trouble in headers. The section commands let you specify an extra, shorter title for use in the header and contents page. Sec- tion 2.3 was specified as follows
\subsection[Pagebreaks, footnotes, etc] {Pagebreaks, space, footnotes, references, boxes, etc}
Sectioning :- To start a chapter called Life in a book, just use \chapter{Life}. Similar commands to start a part, section or subsection also exist in most document classes (articles don’t have chapters or parts though). If you use the *-form of the command then the sections will not be num- bered, neither will it appear in the table of contents.
(^5) http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/geometry.dvi (^6) http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/fancyhdr.dvi
2. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE
A title will only be numbered if its ’depth’ isn’t more than secnumdepth and will only appear in the contents page if the ’depth’ isn’t more than the value of tocdepth. So, for example, doing
\setcounter{tocdepth}{2} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
will cause section 1.4.3 to be numbered, but it won’t appear in the contents.
2.3 Pagebreaks, space, footnotes, references, boxes, etc
Page Breaks :- you can force a page break using \newpage.
Preventing line breaks :- If there’s a word that you don’t want broken, put it in an mbox. E.g. ,
One shouldn’t try to break up \mbox\emph{relationships}
Space :-
You can create vertical space \vspace{.5cm} between lines or horizontal space \hspace{1.5cm} between words. The arguments to these commands can be negative.
You can create vertical space between lines or horizontal space be-
tween words. The arguments to these commands can be negative. \vspace* will create space even at the top of a page. It’s sometimes useful to create stretchable space. The following creates space that pushes the letters to the edge of the page
\noindent A\hspace{\stretch{1}} B\ C\hspace{\stretch{1}} D
A B C D Footnotes :-
Do them like this\footnote{I told you so.}
Do them like this^7 The footnotes are numbered by default. If you want to use symbols (stars, daggers etc) then you need to redefine how the footnote counter is displayed.
\def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
Margin notes :-
Do them like this\marginpar{margin note}
Do them like this margin note (^7) I told you so.
3. COLOR AND FONTS
3.2 Special characters
is created by \dag, by \ddag, by \S, by \P, £ by \pounds, ¨o by "{o}, c
by \copyright. Many others are available in the math environment, includ- ing all the lower case greek letters and most of the upper case ones. If you only want to use a few characters you can bracket the symbols using $ and $ rather than \begin{math} and \end{math}. You can put a slash through any of these char- acters by prefacing them with \not
\sqrt{i}
\sqrt[5]{x+iy} \ldots \cdots ... \vdots... (^) \ddots \alpha \beta \gamma \delta^ \omega^ \Gamma \Theta \Omega \pm \mp \times \div \ast \star \circ \bullet \cdot \cap
#^ \bigcap^! \cup^ " \bigcup & \uplus^ $ \biguplus^ % \sqcap )^ \sqcup^ ' \bigsqcup^ ( \vee ,^ \bigvee^ * \wedge^ + \bigwedge / \setminus^ - \wr^. \diamond \bigtriangleup 0 \bigtriangledown 1 \triangleleft (^2) \triangleright 3 \oplus 4 7 \bigoplus^5 \ominus^6 \otimes :^ \bigotimes^8 \oslash^9 \odot = \bigodot^ ; \bigcirc^ < \amalg \leq > \prec? \preceq @ \ll A \subset B \subseteq C \in D \vdash E \geq F \succ G \succeq H \gg I \supset J \supseteq K \sqsupseteq L \ni M \dashv N \equiv O \sim P \simeq Q \asymp R \approx OS \cong S^ T V \neq^ S \doteq^ U \propto S \models W \perp V \mid X \parallel 21 \bowtie Y \smile Z \frown [ \leftarrow \ \Leftarrow ] \rightarrow ^ \Rightarrow _ \leftrightarrow ` \Leftrightarrow a] \mapsto [cb \hookleftarrow d \leftharpoonup e \leftharpoondown fe \rightleftharpoons [hg \longleftarrow \ S \Longleftarrow g] \longrightarrow S ^ \Longrightarrow [ ] \longleftrightarrow \h^ \Longleftrightarrow ag ] \longmapsto i] \hookrightarrow (^) f \rightharpoonup j \rightharpoondown k \uparrow l \Uparrow m p^ \downarrow^ n \Downarrow^ o \updownarrow s \nearrow^ q \searrow^ r \swarrow \nwarrow t \aleph u v \hbar w \imath x \jmath y \ell z \wp { \Re | \Im } \prime \empty ~ \nabla X^ \surd^ \top^ W \bot |^ \angle^ \forall
^ \exists^ \neg^ \flat \natural \sharp
, ^ \backslash \partial \infty / \triangle
3. COLOR AND FONTS
^ \clubsuit^ \diamondsuit^ \heartsuit ^ \spadesuit^ \sum^ \prod \coprod \int \oint
One locally produced font with only one character is called crest.
\font\crest=crest ‘‘This is the {\crest A} CUED crest’’
produces “This is the CUED crest”
3.3 Font Sizes
These are the available sizes. tiny scriptsize footnotesize small normalsize
large Large LARGE huge Huge
If, for example, you want to use the smallest size, do
{\tiny ... }
If Huge isn’t big enough for you, you can scale a postscript font up using the com- mands designed for graphics. \resizebox{!}{5cm}{BIG} produces
BIG
3.4 Font Types
Independent of size, these font types are at your disposal :- \textrm (roman), textit (italic) , \textsc (SMALL CAPS), \emph (emphasis, but note that if you use emph within em- phasized text, you will get roman text ) , \textsl (slanting), \texttt (teletype), \textbf (boldface) , \textsf (sans serif). As long as there’s no conflict, these commands can be combined so that, for instance, this is bold sans serif can be produced by \textsf{\textbf{this is bold sans serif}}.
3. COLOR AND FONTS
m Medium b Bold bx Bold extended sb Semi-bold c Condensed
shape The form of the letters within a font family. For example, ‘italic’, ‘oblique’ and ‘upright’ are all font shapes. The most common values for the font shape are:
n Normal (that is ‘upright’ or ‘roman’) it Italic sl Slanted (or ‘oblique’) sc Caps and small caps
size The design size of the font, for example ‘10pt’.
These five parameters specify every LATEX font, for example:
LATEX specification Font OT1 cmr m n 10pt Computer Modern Roman 10pt OT1 cmss m sl 12pt Computer Modern Sans Oblique 12pt OML cmm m it 10pt Computer Modern Math Italic 10pt T1 ptm b it 18pt Adobe Times Bold Italic 18pt
3.7 Selection commands
There are commands to set attributes one at a time:
Command Attribute Value in article class , 10pt \textrm{..} or \rmfamily family cmr \textsf{..} or \sffamily family cmss \texttt{..} or \ttfamily family cmtt \textmd{..} or \mdseries series m \textbf{..} or \bfseries series bx \textup{..} or \upshape shape n \textit{..} or \itshape shape it \textsl{..} or \slshape shape sl \textsc{..} or \scshape shape sc \tiny size 5pt \scriptsize size 7pt \footnotesize size 8pt \small size 9pt \normalsize size 10pt \large size 12pt \Large size 14.4pt \LARGE size 17.28pt \huge size 20.74pt \Huge size 24.88pt
The low-level commands used to change font attributes are as follows. \fontencoding{ encoding } \fontfamily{ family } \fontseries{ series } \fontshape{ shape } \fontsize{ size }{ baselineskip }
4. ENVIRONMENTS
Each of these commands sets one of the font attributes; \fontsize also sets \baselineskip. The actual font in use is not altered by these commands, but the current attributes are used to determine which font to use after the next \selectfont command.
\selectfont selects a text font, based on the current values of the font at- tributes. There must be a \selectfont command immediately after any settings of the font parameters by (some of) the five \font commands, be- fore any following text. For example, it is legal to say:
\fontfamily{ptm}\fontseries{b}\selectfont Some text.
to select bold Times Roman, but it is not legal to say:
\fontfamily{ptm} Some \fontseries{b}\selectfont text.
\usefont{ encoding }{ family }{ series }{ shape }
is short hand for the equivalent \font... commands followed by\selectfont.
4 Environments
Some examples of how to use environments are given here.
4.1 Alignments
In these environments \ starts a new line.
\begin{flushleft} Some people like to stay firmly\ on the left whereas others \end{flushleft} \begin{flushright} feel much more at home\ on the right.\ \end{flushright} \begin{center} but most of us prefer to stay dead in the center. \end{center}
Some people like to stay firmly on the left whereas others
feel much more at home on the right.
but most of us prefer to stay dead in the center.
4.2 Listing Items
The items can be marked in one of three way:
\begin{itemize} \item just by a bullet, using \texttt{itemize}
4. ENVIRONMENTS
4.3 Tabular
Tabular output is supported. When you create the environment you specify how many columns to have and how the contents are to be aligned (use l, c or r to represent each column with either left, center or right alignment) and where you want vertical lines (use |). The contents of the columns are separated by a ‘&’ and rows by \. Here’s a simple example
\begin{tabular}{l|c|r} left & centre & right\ more left & more centre & more right\ \end{tabular}
left centre right more left more centre more right To draw a full horizontal line, use \hline otherwise draw a line across selected columns using \cline. The \multicolumn command allows items to span columns. It takes as its first argument the number of columns to span. The following, more complicated example shows how to use these facilities.
\begin{tabular}{||l|lr||} \hline \textbf{Veg} & \multicolumn{2}{|c||}{\textbf{Detail}}\\hline carrots & per pound & \pounds 0.75 \ \cline{2-3} & each & 20p \ \hline mushrooms & dozen & 86p \ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3} toadstools & pick your own & free \ \hline \end{tabular}
Veg Detail carrots per pound £ 0. each 20p mushrooms dozen 86p toadstools pick your own free Tables won’t continue on the next page if they’re too long. The longtable or supertabular commands are needed to do this. See the Supertabular^8 document for details and examples.
If the text in a column is too wide for the page, LATEX won’t automatically text- wrap. Using p{5cm} instead of c, l or r in the tabular line will wrap-around the text in a 5 cm wide column.
There are various packages to assist with table creation. The array package adds some helpful features, including the ability to add formatting commands that control a whole column at a time, like so
\begin{tabular}{>{\ttfamily}l>{\scshape}c>{\Large}r} Text & More Text & Large Text\ Left & Centred & Right \end{tabular}
Text MORE TEXT Large Text Left CENTRED Right (^8) http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/supertab.dvi
4. ENVIRONMENTS
The rotating^9 package is useful if you have a wide table that you want to dis- play in landscape mode. You need to put your table inside \begin{sidewaystable} and \end{sidewaystable}.
If you want the table to have a caption and float (float up the page if it’s started right near the foot of a page, for example), use
\begin{table}[htbp] \begin{tabular}... ... \end{tabular} \caption{...} \end{table}
See section 4.7 for details.
4.4 Array
The array environment is similar to the tabular but must be within a math envi- ronment. This
\begin{math} \left( \begin{array}{clrr} a+b+c & uv & x-y & 27 \ x+y & w & +z & 363 \end{array} \right) \end{math}
produces
4.5 Pictures
LATEX has some graphics capabilities. It’s much better to import an encapsulated postscript file. See the LATEX Maths and Graphics^10 document for more details.
\newcounter{cms} \setlength{\unitlength}{1mm} \begin{picture}(50,39) \put(0,7){\makebox(0,0)[bl]{cm}} \multiput(10,7)(10,0){5}{\addtocounter {cms}{1}\makebox(0,0)[b]{\arabic{cms}}} \put(15,20){\circle{6}} \put(30,20){\circle{6}} \put(15,20){\circle{2}} \put(30,20){\circle{2}} \put(10,24){\framebox(25,8){a box}} \put(10,32){\vector(-2,1){10}} \multiput(1,0)(1,0){49}{\line(0,1){2,5}}
(^9) http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/rotating.ps (^10) http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex maths+pix/latex maths+pix.html
4. ENVIRONMENTS
Figure 1: 1 cm of space
Putting! as the first argument in the square brackets will encourage LATEX to do what you say, even if the result’s sub-optimal.
If you have a label defined in the caption, LATEX is likely to give an error message. \label is a fragile command (see the LATEX book for details) so you’ll need to do something like
... \caption{1 cm of space\protect\label{EMPTY}}
or simply put the \label command after the caption. Note that if you put the \label before the caption, the resulting reference will be the section number and not the figure number.
4.8 Tabbing
Within this environment tabs can be set by = and the next tab moved to by using >.
\begin{tabbing} if = it’s raining\ % set tab here, after the ’if’ > get an umbrella =\ % go to the defined tab and set a new one else\ > get wet > * next tab is here\ endif \end{tabbing}
if it’s raining get an umbrella else get wet * next tab is here endif
4.9 Verbatim
Within this environment things come out unformatted. It’s useful for showing ex- amples of typed input and provides a way of printing characters that have a special meaning for LATEX.
\begin{verbatim} caret is ˆ, tilde is ˜ and backslash is \ \end{verbatim} produces
caret is ˆ, tilde is ˜ and backslash is \
If you just want to quote a few characters, use \verb| quoted text |. The characters delimiting the quote can be anything as long as they are the same.
5. CUSTOMISING
4.10 Quote, abstract
These widen the margins and change the font. The abstract environment also adds a title.
4.11 Letter
See letter.tex in /export/Examples/LaTeX
4.12 Curriculum Vitae
See cv.tex in /export/Examples/LaTeX
5 Customising
5.1 Macros
At the top of the source of this file is
\def\xdt{$\cal X!!$\texttt{.desktop}}
which defines \xdt to be .desktop. Using such constructions can make your document much tidier, and saves on typing.
5.2 Modifications
Many of the features of a LATEX document are easily customised, but you’ll often have to look at the class (.cls) files to find out what to do. For example, suppose you wanted to have References in a book rather than Bibliography. If you look in book.cls you’ll see
\newcommand\bibname{Bibliography}
so adding
\renewcommand{\bibname}{References}
to your file should achieve what you want.
Counters ( e.g. figure) have related commands ( e.g. thefigure) to control their appearance, so they’re easy to customise
\renewcommand\thefigure{\roman{figure}}
produces figure numbers in lower case roman numerals. Longer commands can be adapted too. Remember however, that if the command involves a @ you have to enclose your changes in \makeatletter ... \makeatother. Here’s an example that changes the appearance of section headings -
\makeatletter \renewcommand{\section}{@startsection{section}{1}{0mm}
