Introduction
to
Solid State Physics
EIGHTH EDITION
Charles Kittel
Professor Emeritus
University of California, Berkeley
Chapter
18,
Nanostructures, was written by
Professor Paul
McEuen of Cornell University.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
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Introduction to
Solid State Physics
EIGHTH EDITION
Charles Kittel
Professor Emeritus University of California, Berkeley
Chapter 18, Nanostructures, was written by
Professor Paul McEuen of Cornell University.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Contents
Motion in Magnetic Fields Hall Effect Thermal Conductivity of Metals Ratio of Thermal to Electrical Conductivity Problems
CHAPTER 7: ENERGY RANDS
Nearly Free Electron Model Origin of the Energy Gap Magnitude of the Energy Gap Bloch Functions Kronig-Penney Model Wave Equation of Electron in a Periodic Potential Restatement of the Bloch Theorem Crystal Momentum of an Electron Solution of the Central Equation Kronig-Penney Model in Reciprocal Space Empty Lattice Approximation Approximate Solution Near a Zone Boundary Number of Orbitals in a Band Metals and Insulators Summary Problems
CHAPTER 8: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS
Band Gap Equations of Motion Physical Derivation of hi. = F Holes Effective Mass Physical Interpretation of the Effective Mass Effective Masses in Semiconductors Silicon and Germanium Intrinsic Carrier Concentration Intrinsic Mobility Impurity Conductivity Donor States Acceptor States Thermal Ionization of Donors and Acceptors
153 156 156 157
165 167 167 168
173 173 174 174 176 177 180 181 182 182
193 194 197 198 200 202 205 208 209 209 211 213
Quantum Theory of Diamagnetism of
Contents
Example: Conductivity of collisionless Electron Gas Electronic Interband Transitions Excitons Frenkel Excitons Alkali Halides Molecular Crystals Weakly Bound (Mott-Wannier) Excitons Exciton Condensation into Electron-Hole Drops (EHD) Raman Effects in Crystals Electron Spectroscopy with X-Rays Energy Loss of Fast Particles in a Solid Summary Problems
CHAPTER 16: DIELECTRICS AND FERROELECTRICS
Maxwell Equations Polarization Macroscopic Electric Field Depolarization Field, Ej Local Electric Field at an Atom Lorentz Field, E 2 Field of Dipoles Inside Cavity, E 3 Dielectric Constant and Polarizability Electronic Polarizability Classical Theory of Electronic Polarizability Structural Phase Transitions Ferroelectric Crystals Classification of Ferroelectric Crystals Displacive Transitions Soft Optical Phonons Landau Theory of the Phase Transition Second-Order Transition First-Order Transition Antiferroelectricity Ferroelectric Domains Piezoelectricity Summary Problems
Contents
433 434 435 437 440 440 441
441 444 447 448 449 450
458 460 462 462 463 464 466 467 467 469 471 473 474 475 477 479 479 481 482 483
Reflection High-Energy Electron
xviii
- C H A P T E R 1: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
- Periodic Array of Atoms - Lattice Translation Vectors - Basis and the Crystal Structure - Primitive Lattice Cell
- Fundamental Types of Lattices - Two-Dimensional Lattice Types - Three-Dimensional Lattice Types
- Index Systems for Crystal Planes
- Simple Crystal Structures
- Sodium Chloride Structure
- Cesium Chloride Structure
- Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (hep)
- Diamond Structure
- Cubic Zinc Sulfide Structure
- Simple Crystal Structures
- Direct Imaging of Atomic Structure
- Nonideal Crystal Structures - Random Stacking and Polytypism
- Crystal Structure Data
- Summary
- Problems
- LATTICE CHAPTER 2: WAVE DIFFRACTION AND THE RECIPROCAL
- Diffraction of Waves by Crystals - Bragg Law
- Scattered Wave Amplitude - Fourier Analysis - Reciprocal Lattice Vectors - Diffraction Conditions - Laue Equations
- Brillouin Zones - Reciprocal Lattice to sc Lattice - Reciprocal Lattice to bec Lattice - Reciprocal Lattice to fee Lattice
- Fourier Analysis of the Basis viii - Structure Factor of the bcc Lattice - Structure factor of the fee Lattice
- Atomic Form Factor
- Summary
- Fourier Analysis of the Basis viii - Structure Factor of the bcc Lattice - Structure factor of the fee Lattice
- Problems
- CHAPTER 3: CRYSTAL RINDING AND ELASTIC CONSTANTS
- Crystals of Inert Gases - Van der Waals—London Interaction - Repulsive Interaction - Equilibrium Lattice Constants - Cohesive Energy
- Ionic Crystals - Electrostatic or Madelung Energy - Evaluation of the Madelung Constant
- Covalent Crystals
- Metals
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Atomic Radii - Ionic Crystal Radii
- Analysis of Elastic Strains - Dilation - Stress Components
- Constants Elastic Compliance and Stiffness - Elastic Energy Density - Elastic Stiffness Constants of Cubic Crystals - Bulk Modulus and Compressibility
- Elastic Waves in Cubic Crstals - Waves in the [100] Direction - Waves in the [110] Direction
- Summary
- Problems
- Crystals of Inert Gases - Van der Waals—London Interaction - Repulsive Interaction - Equilibrium Lattice Constants - Cohesive Energy
- CHAPTER 4 : PHONONS I. CRYSTAL VIRRATIONS
- Vibrations of Crystals with Monatomic Basis - First Brillouin Zone - Group Velocity - Long Wavelength Limit Contents - Derivation of Force Constants from Experiment
- Two Atoms per Primitive Basis
- Quantization of Elastic Waves
- Phonon Momentum
- Inelastic Scattering by Phonons
- Summary
- Problems
- Two Atoms per Primitive Basis
- Vibrations of Crystals with Monatomic Basis - First Brillouin Zone - Group Velocity - Long Wavelength Limit Contents - Derivation of Force Constants from Experiment
- CHAPTER 5: PHONONS 11. THERMAL PROPERTIES - Phonon Heat Capacity - Planck Distribution - Normal Mode Enumeration - Density of States in One Dimension - Density of States in Three Dimensions - Debye Model for Density of States - Debye T^3 Law - Einstein Model of the Density of States - General Result for D(w) - Anharmonic Crystal Interactions - Thermal Expansion - Thermal Conductivity - Thermal Resistivity of Phonon Gas - Umklapp Processes - Imperfecions - Problems
- CHAPTER 6: FREE ELECTRON FERMI GAS - Energy Levels in One Dimension - Dirac Distribution Effect of Temperature on the Fermi- - Free Electron Gas in Three Dimensions - Heat Capacity of the Electron Gas - Experimental Heat Capacity of Metals - Heavy Fermions - Electrical Conductivity and Ohm's Law - Experimental Electrical Resistivity of Metals - Umklapp Scattering
- Coherence Length
- BCS Theory of Superconductivity
- BCS Ground State
- Flux Quantization in a Superconducting Ring
- Duration of Persistent Currents
- Type II Superconductors
- Vortex State
- Estimation of Hcl and Hc2
- Single Particle Tunneling
- Josephson Superconductor Tunneling
- Dc Josephson Effect
- Ac Josephson Effect
- Macroscopic Quantum Interference
- High-Temperature Superconductors
- Summary
- Problems
- Reference
- CHAPTER 6: FREE ELECTRON FERMI GAS - Energy Levels in One Dimension - Dirac Distribution Effect of Temperature on the Fermi- - Free Electron Gas in Three Dimensions - Heat Capacity of the Electron Gas - Experimental Heat Capacity of Metals - Heavy Fermions - Electrical Conductivity and Ohm's Law - Experimental Electrical Resistivity of Metals - Umklapp Scattering
- CHAPTER 11: DIAMAGNETISM AND PARAMAGNETISM
- Langevin Diamagnetism Equation
- Mononuclear Systems
- Paramagnetism
- Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
- Rare Earth Ions
- Hund Rules
- Iron Group Ions
- Crystal Field Splitting
- Quenching of the Orbital Angular Momentum
- Spectroscopic Splitting Factor
- Van Vleck Temperature-Independent Paramagnetism
- Cooling by Isentropic Demagnetization
- Nuclear Demagnetization
- Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Conduction Electrons
- Summary
- Problems
- CHAPTER 12: FERROMAGNETISM AND ANTIFERROMAGNETISM
- Ferromagnetic Order
- Curie Point and the Exchange Integral
- Magnetization Temperature Dependence of the Saturation
- Saturation Magnetization at Absolute Zero
- Magnons
- Quantization of Spin Waves
- Thermal Excitation of Magnons
- Neutron Magnetic Scattering
- Ferrimagnetic Order
- of Ferrimagnets Curie Temperature and Susceptibility
- Iron Garnets
- Curie Point and the Exchange Integral
- Antiferromagnetic Order - Susceptibility Below the Neel Temperature - Antiferromagnetic Magnons
- Ferromagnetic Domains
- Anisotropy Energy
- Transition Region between Domains
- Origin of Domains
- Coercivity and Hysteresis
- Single Domain Particles
- Geomagnetism and Biomagnetism
- Magnetic Force Microscopy
- Summary
- Problems
- Ferromagnetic Domains
- Ferromagnetic Order
- CHAPTER 13: MAGNETIC RESONANCE - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Equations of Motion - Line Width - Motional Narrowing - Hyperfine Splitting - Examples: Paramagnetic Point Defects - F Centers in Alkali Halides - Donor Atoms in Silicon - Knight Shift - Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance - Ferromagnetic Resonance - Shape Effects in FMR - Spin Wave Resonance - Antiferromagnetic Resonance
- CHAPTER 17: SURFACE*AND INTERFACE PHYSICS - Reconstruction and Relaxation - Surface Crystallography - Diffraction - Surface Electronic Structure - Work Function - Thermionic Emission - Surface States - Tangential Surface Transport - Channel Magnetoresistance in a Two-Dimensional - Integral Quantized Hall Effect (IQHE) - IQHE in Real Systems - Fractional Quantized Hall Effect (FQHE)
- p-n Junctions - Rectification - Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Detectors - Schottky Barrier
- Heterostructures - n-N Heterojunction
- Semiconductor Lasers
- Light-Emitting Diodes
- Problems
- p-n Junctions - Rectification - Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Detectors - Schottky Barrier
- CHAPTER 18: NANOSTRUCTURES - Imaging Techniques for Nanostructures - Electron Microscopy - Optical Microscopy - Scanning Tunneling Microscopy - Atomic Force Microscopy - Electronic Structure of ID Systems - One-Dimensional Subbands - Spectroscopy oi Van Hove Singularities - Copulings ID Metals — Coluomb Interactions and Lattice - Electrical Transport in I D - Fonnula Conductance Quantization and the Landauer - Two Barriers in Series-resonant Tunneling - Incoherent Addition and Ohm's Law
- Color Centers - F Centers - Other Centers in Alkali Halides - Problems
- CHAPTER 2 1 : DISLOCATIONS - Shear Strength of Single Crystals - Slip - Dislocations - Burgers Vectors - Stress Fields of Dislocations - Low-angle Grain Boundaries - Dislocation Densities - Dislocation Multiplication and Slip - Strength of Alloys - Dislocations and Crystal Growth - Whiskers
- Hardness of Materials
- Problems
- CHAPTER 22: ALLOYS - General Considerations
- Hume-Rothery Rules Substitutional Solid Solutions—
- Order-Disorder Transformation - Elementary Theory of Order
- Phase Diagrams - Eutectics
- Transition Metal Alloys - Electrical Conductivity
- Kondo Effect
- Problems
- APPENDIX A: TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE REFLECTION LINES
- APPENDIX B: EWALD CALCULATION OF LATTICE SUMS - for Dipole Arrays Ewald-Kornfeld Method for Lattice Sums
- APPENDIX C: QUANTIZATION OF ELASTIC WAVES: PHONONS Contents - Phonon Coordinates - Creation and Annihilation Operators
- APPENDIX D: FERMI-DIRAC DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
- APPENDIX E: DERIVATION OF THE dk/dt EQUATION
- APPENDIX F: BOLTZMANN TRANSPORT EQUATION - Particle Diffusion - Classical Distribution - Fermi-Dirac Distribution - Electrical Conductivity - AND GAUGE TRANSFORMATIONS APPENDIX G: VECTOR POTENTIAL, FIELD MOMENTUM, - Lagrangian Equations of Motion - Derivation of the Hamiltonian - Field Momentum
- Gauge Transformation - Gauge in the London Equation
- APPENDIX H: COOPER PAIRS
- APPENDIX I: GINZBURG-LANDAU EQUATION
- APPENDIX J: ELECTRON-PHONON COLLISIONS
- INDEX