Baixe Imunologia Nutricional: Nutrientes, Micronutrients e Imunidade e outras Notas de estudo em PDF para zootecnia, somente na Docsity!
Page numbers in bold refer to figures and tables
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB)
acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) 158–159,
see also eicosanoids
subset distribution, spleen iron-deficiency mice
children continued immunocompetence 42 intestinal microflora 292 iron deficiency 211, 222 malaria 25, 27, 395– malnutrition 383, 393 marasmic 199 measles 28, 157– morbidity and mortality 152–153, 382, 384– nutrition rehabilitation 382 Peyer’s patches 293 pneumonia 384, 385– protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) 24, 45 , 46 respiratory infections 138, 222 selenium deficiency, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 31 T lymphocytes subsets, protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) 45 tomato intake 183 tuberculosis 27 undernourished 284 vitamin A 386 see also infants; neonates; newborn chronic inflammatory disease 77 chronic inflammatory diseases 75– cigarette smoke 178 ciliary movement reduction, mucosal infection 47, 48 cirrhosis 143 citrulline structure 94 clinical history, food allergy 336 clinical studies, arginine patients at risk of sepsis and septic complications 101– clonal expansion, lymphocytes 3, 11 Clostridium spp. 292, 296 co-stimulation role, antigen-presenting cells 288– cod liver oil 388 coeliac disease 276, 287, 288, 291, 293, 323 cold symptoms, severity reduction, zinc role 202 colostrum see breast milk commensal bacteria role 294 Committee on Toxicity 322 concanavalin A, spleen cells, response proliferation 213 contrasuppressor cells 287– 288 control switches 143– Convention on the Rights of the Child 379–380, 400 cooking methods, food allergens 335 copper deficiency 393 cost–benefit calculations, nutritional interventions 378 cow’s milk allergy 340 Coxsackie virus 244, 389
creatine, biosynthesis 135 Crohn’s disease 264 cross-reactivity, allergen 329–330, 335 cyclo-oxygenase (COX) 70 cysteine conversion from cystine 146 conversion to glutathione synthetase (GSH) 135 glutathione synthesis enhancement 144 incorporation 134 inflammation 145 losses 138 metabolism 133 metabolites 136 metabolized 141 residues 230 synthesis 142 toxicity 145 see also amino acids cytokine biology 24 concentrations changes, strenuous exercise 350 interleukins 16– microenvironment 17 production 46, 289 – production in vitro , glutamine influence 116 release inhibition, human keratinocytes, selenium 242 selenium effects 241– selenoproteins expression 243 Th2 release increase 361 cytomegalovirus 400 cytotoxic T-cells 11, 19, 238, 359– see also effector cells
daily diet, saturated fatty acids, UK adult survey 60– danger signals 293 see also infection; inflammation defences antibody-mediated, neonate 275– antioxidant 138–140, 171–173, 196 infection 273– innate cell, probiotics effects 258 iron 222 vitamin A deficiency 153 zinc 196 deficiency essential fatty-acid 61, 62 fetal zinc 197 immune deficiency, ageing 358– iron 210– 217 , 222 micronutrient 383 nutritional 47, 151–
see also autoimmune diseases; human
diarrhoeal disease
sources antioxidant vitamins 151–152, 153, 173 -
dogs, tracheal-cell cilia, protein–energy malnutrition
impaired immunity, mechanisms in iron deficiency
induction of tolerance via gut see oral tolerance
see also children; neonates; newborn
immune system response, metabolism effects
wound healing, arginine supplementation
intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CAM-1)-leucocyte
low-birth-weight (LBW) babies, glutamine enriched feeding formula 120 growth retardation and nutritional deficiency
micronutrients continued malaria 380 Micronutrient Conference on Ending Hidden Hunger 1991, 377 mixed, infection 396 role, preventing infection, elderly 376 see also vitamins microorganisms 18, 251 mid upper arm circumference, malnutrition indicator 383 mitogens treatment, lymphocytes 194 modulatory hormones (cytokines) 253 molecular weight, food allergens 330 molecules, mediating innate immunity, selenium deficiency effects 239 , 240 monocytes cytokine increases, elderly 366 function, iron deficiency 215– functions 198– –macrophage, function changes, ageing process 362 peripheral-blood, elderly 363 vitamin A deficiency 155– monovalent allergens 329 mortality rate improvement, immunonutrition 104 mortality risk, low birth weight 49– mother and newborn, mucosal immunity integration 281 mucosa barrier function 275, 276, 284–286, 303 defence 274, 300– effector sites, primed lymphoid cells homing 282– IgA system, postnatal establishment 284 immune system 28, 273, 274 , 279 , 281 immunity 153–154, 281 , 282– induction, tolerance 286– infection, ciliary movement reduction 47, 48 tolerance induction, commensal bacteria role 294 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), immune induction 278– multimicronutrient supplements 381 murine models 258 murine splenic B-cell proliferation 213, 214 murine splenic lymphocytes, increased capacity 256 muscle 117– 118 , 137, 338 see also skeletal muscle Mycobacterium tuberculosis 300 myocarditis 389
n-3 fatty acids 103 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, clinical trials 77 N -acetyl-cysteine (NAC) 141, 143, 145– naive immune system 23
naive T-cell (CD45RA) 359 natural killer (NK) cells activity 62, 181 , 216, 351 β-carotene 180 cytokine production 22 cytotoxicity increase 101 defined 6 function 199, 221 functions, suppression 348 iron 216, 221 rat, activity inhibitor 62 response to exercise 351 selenium effects 238– suppression 62 vitamin A deficiency 154 nematode parasitic infections 393 neonates antibody-mediated defence 275– gut milk macrophages 300 immune system 28 innate immunity 23 mucosal barrier function 276 mucosal defence 274 suboptimal immune responses 47 see also children; infants; newborn neoplasms 252– see also cancer; tumours neuroblastoma, growth, supplemental arginine 100 neutrophils concentrations, exercise 347 functions 115–116, 198 glutamine utilization 113, 114 innate immunity 2 iron 216, 220– vitamin A deficiency 154 nevirapine 397 new food introduction, diet 334, 335 newborn 281 , 292, 293– see also children; infants; neonates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) 69, 122– night blindness 387 nitric oxide pathway, arginine metabolism 94– nitrogen balance 102 nomenclature, dietary sources fatty acids 58– non-IgE-mediated allergic reactions 323, 341– non-metallic elements see selenium non-specific, immunity, iron 215 non-specific immunity 216, 217 nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB) 143–144, 178, 200, 241 nucleotides 103 nutrient-immune function interaction, experimental approach 29 nutrients 21–34, 141–142, 144 , 151–
see also iron; micronutrients; probiotics;
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)
membrane structural characteristics changes
post-operative patients, alanyl-glutamine parenteral 121 pregnant and lactating women, vitamin A deficiency
prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) 71 , 72– 73 , 76, 178,
subset distribution, spleen iron-deficiency mice
trace elements see iron; selenium; zinc
United Nations World Summit for Children 1990, very carefully selected elderly (VCSH elderly) 358, 368 see also human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) see also dietary, sources; micronutrients;
- abdominal surgery, glycyl-glutamine
- absorbed food antigens 296–
- absorption, iron
- accumulative damage
- acquired (adaptive) immune protection
- plasma glutathione reduction
- probiotics
- selenium deficiency, children
- serum vitamin E levels
- Actinobacillus
- activator protein 1 (AP-1) 143–144,
- activators 27–
- active mucosal immunity development 300–
- adaptive immune system 2–19, 21,
- adhesion molecules, selenium effects 241–
- adults 23, 211, 278,
- age factors 23, 41, 47, 51,
- age groups
- age-related decline T3 content
- ageing 23, 171, 357–
- airways, antigen stimulation see also elderly
- alcoholics, zinc supplements
- allergens 17, 323 , 325– 328 , 329 –
- anti-allergy immunoregulatory allergy
- anti-allergy properties, Lactobacillus - atopy 285, 291–292, - children - diseases 76, - food 321– - inappropriate Th2 responses 18, - infants, Lactobacillus - nasal mucosa - pathogenesis 285– - symptoms
- alternate T-cell activation pathway
- arginine 93– amino acids
- creatine biosynthesis
- glutamine 109–
- selenomethionine 234,
- sulphur 133–
- anaemia, mortality see also cysteine
- anaphylaxis 323,
- anergy
- arginine and immune function animals
- dehydroacetic acid (DHA)62 64–
- eicospaentaenoic acid (EPA) 62, 64–
- farm, selenium 238,
- fish oil
- healthy, glutamine feeding 116–
- infection models 118–
- models, infection and trauma 118–
- zinc deficiency 193, 195–
- anti-allergy immunoregulatory
- anti-allergy properties, Lactobacillus
- anti-cancer defence
- fish oil 63, 79– anti-inflammatory effects
- selenium 241–
- anti-retroviral therapy
- anti-tumour activity, arginine
- anti-tumour immunity
- antibiotics, newborn 293–
- antigen specificity antibodies
- binding to bacteria 5–
- breast milk 276–277, 280, 282,
- dietary antigens
- general structural features 3–
- immunoglobulin (Ig)E production
- monoclonal
- production suppression
- reduction, malnutrition
- influenza vaccine, elderly responses
- inhibition, zinc deficiency
- probiotics effects
- tetanus toxoid immunization 213,
- vitamin A deficiency
- secretory 294–296, 298–
- antibody-mediated defence, neonate 275– see also immunoglobulin
- absorbed food, handling 296– antigen
- clearing mechanism 296–
- exclusion
- exposure effects, secretory immunity 283–
- intact
- thymus-independent (TI)
- transportation
- uptake
- antigen-binding (Fab) sites
- antigen-presenting cell (APC) 278, 288– - host response antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity, adult
- antigenic pressures, ageing
- antimicrobial factors, breast milk
- activity, selenium antioxidant
- defences 138–140, 171–173,
- dietary sources 151–152, 173 –
- effect mechanism 142–
- exercise
- immune function improvement
- interaction
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) 171–
- smokers
- vitamins 171–
- anti-retroviral therapy (ART) 145–
- apoptosis 195–196, - applied kinesiology, food allergy - appropriate for gestational age (AGA) 47, - atopic disease, putative role arachidonic acid - decrease, fish oil - dienoic prostaglandins - fish oil, decrease 71, - immune cell function regulating role - intakes - metabolites 76, 236– - proportion human immune cells - decrease, fish oil arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, production - Arachis hypogea - arginine 93– - arthritis 262– see also enzymes - ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 142, 174– - asparaginase, immunosuppressive effect - assessment methods 31– - asthma 76–79, 276, - asthma and related diseases 76– - atopy 78 , 276, 285, 291–292, 293, - development autoimmune diseases - fatty acids 75– - glutamine - 262– immunoregulating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) - inappropriate Th1 responses 18– - probiotics - autologous urine injections, food allergy see also deficiency - AZT - activation and maturation 14– B-cells - adaptive immunity 2– - fractions enriched, iron status function - functions 199– - homing, mammary glands 280– - iron deficiency 212– - iron overload 219– - proliferation inhibition, zinc deficiency - suppression - system, local activation - B lymphocytes 2–3, 46 , 114, 156, - babies, formula-fed, salivary IgM - adherence, epithelial cells bacteria - antibodies binding 5– - commensal bacteria role
- growth increase, iron
- lactic acid 252, 256, 262–
- pathogens
- signalling
- translocation decrease, glutamine
- Bacteroids
- barrier function, zinc deficiency effects
- β-carotene 179–180, 183, 184, 376,
- β-lactoglobulin, breast milk
- β-thalassaemia
- Bifidobacterium 252, 256, 258, 260,
- biological effector mechanisms 1–
- biological plausibility establishment 378–
- creatine biosynthesis
- glutamine
- pathway, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- polyamine
- precursor, glutamine
- birth weight 49–50,
- blood lymphocytes, exercise-induced changes see also low-birth-weight (LBW) - effect blood lymphocytes proliferation in vitro , glutamine - intravenous bone-marrow transplantation patients, glutamine
- Brazil nut allergy
- antibodies 276–277, 280, 282, breast milk
- antimicrobial factors
- β-lactoglobulin
- bioactive components 303 ,
- glycoproteins
- immunoregulatory effects 298–
- leucocytes 299–
- oligosaccharides
- ovalbumin
- peanut allergens
- protective effects 298–
- critical role 276– breast-feeding
- food allergy
- 280, immunological integration of mother and child
- infection 396–
- promotion
- role, mucosal homoeostasis 273–
- secretory immunity
- transforming growth factor (TGF)-β
- British Nutrition Foundation
- anti-cancer defence cancer - anti-tumour activity, arginine - carotenoids - liver - lung 183, 184, - oesophageal, glutamine - prostate cancer - selenium anti-cancer properties 229, - selenium intake 245– - Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) 184– see also neoplasms; tumour - Candida - carbohydrate moieties, food allergens - carbohydrates - cardiotoxic virus - cardiovascular disease 139, - carotenoids 174, 179 – - catabolic stress 117– 118 , 120–121, 123– - catalase - CD4 T-cells 8, 16– 17 , 19, - CD8+ T-cells 11 , 238, 359– - CD8 T-cells 8, 11–12, 16, - CD40 signals 12, - cell-mediated immune response 64, 182, - mechanisms 216, cell-mediated immunity, iron deficiency impairment - cell-mediated immunity impairment - biology, zinc 194– cells - cycle, zinc - death, mechanism, zinc - effects 239 , mediating innate immunity, selenium deficiency - oxidant damage - replication, zinc 194– - signalling, selenium effects - surface molecules - survival and proliferation, glutamine - characterization, selenoproteins 231– - Chediak–Higashi syndrome 176, - selenium deficiency acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), - allergy - colostomies defunctioning - breast-feeding diarrhoeal disease - iron fortification - Lactobacillus 257 , - tomato intake - treatment - vitamin A deficiency - gut mucosal barrier, immaturity
- primary (ageing) immune deficiency 358–
- selenium 234–235, 239 ,
- vitamin A 153 , 155–156, 158,
- zinc 193–194, 197, 198–200, 202,
- degenerative disorders, oxidative damage immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - 75, dehydroacetic acid (DHA) 61, 62–63, 64–65, 67 ,
- delayed-hypersensitivity skin test response 43,
- dendritic cells (DCs) 9–11, 278–279, 289–
- Department for International Development, UK
- diabetes, type 1, pathogenesis, glutamine role
- diagnosis, food allergy 336– - breast-feeding children - iron fortification - Lactobacillus 257 , - tomato intake - treatment - vitamin A deficiency
- infant
- management
- prevention
- protein–energy malnutrition (PEM)
- zinc 381, 391–392,
- dienic prostaglandins
- elimination 336– diet
- exclusion 340–
- modern
- new food introduction 334,
- antigens, antibodies dietary
- compliance - problems 175– components, beneficial effects assessment
- fat 57, 61–62,
- fatty acids, effect mechanisms 65–
- fish oil supplementation
- intake 28,
- digestion epitopes see also supplementation
- digestion resistance
- dimeric IgA
- disease causing agents 252–
- DNA building blocks
- DNA damage 242–
- DNA synthesis - donor countries - double-blind placebo controlled food challenge - down-regulatory cytokines - Down’s syndrome - drugs, enhancing glutathione synthesis - DTH responses 180– - 399– Durban, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - dysfunctions control, probiotics 262– - early exposure, food allergy 333– - eczema - effector cells 9– - effector mechanisms 18–19, 282, 303– see also cytotoxic T-cells - eicosanoids 69 –73, 76, 183, 236– - eicospaentaenoic acid (EPA) 61–65, 67, 73, 74 , see also arachidonic acid - antibody response, influenza vaccine elderly - immune cell function enhancement - immune system and nutrition 357– - immunodeficiency 358, 362– - low selenium status - micronutrients - peripheral-blood 360 , 363 , - 365– protein–energy malnutrition (PEM), role - tomato juice - vitamin supplements 175–177, - wound healing 101, - zinc deficiency 201, - electroacupuncture, food allergy see also ageing - elimination diets 336– - endocrine effects, arginine - endotoxaemia 79– - enteral dietary intake - enteral feeding formulae, composition - enteral nutrition - enterocytes 275, - enzymatic food intolerance - enzymes 96, 110 , 134 , 135 , 173, 194– - eosinophils 18– see also arginine - epidermal cells, zinc deficiency damage - epithelial barrier 275– - epithelial polymeric Ig receptor - epitopes 328, - Escherichia coli 257, 284, - essential fatty-acid deficiency 61, - ethical issues 380– - eukaryotes 230, - Immunology (EAACI) 321– European Academy of Allergy and Clinical
- European Commission
- evening primrose oil
- exclusion diets 340–
- exercise 118, 142, 177–178, 342, 347–
- exogenous glutamine 118–
- experimental zinc deficiency
- farm animals, selenium 238,
- fat, diet, acquired immune system
- fatty acids 57–
- feeding regime, newborn 293–
- ferritin 393–394,
- fetal growth retardation - development fetal zinc deficiency, effects on immunological
- fish allergy 334,
- fish oil 67,
- anti-inflammatory effects 63, 79–
- arachidonic acid, decrease 71,
- asthma 76, 78–
- benefits, rheumatoid arthritis 76,
- chronic inflammatory diseases 75–
- effect, PGE 2 production
- dehydroacetic acid (DHA) 61, 67 , eicospaentaenoic acid (EPA) plus
- human studies
- laboratory animals
- linoleic acid
- lymphocyte phospholipase-Cy activity
- supplementation 23,
- flow cytometry
- follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) - list 325– Food and Agriculture Organization, allergenic foods
- food allergy 321–
- food antigenic constituents 283–
- food fortification
- food intolerance 321–
- formula-fed babies, salivary IgM - 298– free secretory component (SC), secretory antibodies
- fruit allergens reactions
- functional immune response, assessment
- γ-glutamyl cycle, glutathione role
- gene expression changes 73–
- gene therapy, food allergy
- gene transcription, selenium effects
- genetic predisposition, food allergy 332–333,
- geography, food allergy factors
- gestational zinc deficiency
- glucocorticoid hormones
- glucose utilization rates
- glutamine 28, 30, 109–124, 351– - glutathione 123, 133–147, - glycine 138, - glycoproteins, breast milk - glycyl-glutamine, abdominal surgery - Gram-positive bacterial cell-wall components - (GM-CSF) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor - growth factor, selenium - growth hormone receptor - growth retardation 47– - barrier improvement, glutamine gut - closure - mucosal barrier, immaturity, children - neonatal, milk macrophages - oral tolerance, central role 287– - 294, gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) 278, 279, - gut-associated systems, glutamine influence - haematopoiesis, vitamin A deficiency - haemolytic activity total, decreased - health benefits, probiotics 257 , 259– - heat stability, food allergens - helminth infections 18, - hepatitis 244, 389, 394, - 291– homoeostatic immune regulation, importance - hormones 98, 196–197, 201, - human genome 30– - anti-retroviral therapy (ART) 145– human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - breast-feeding 396– - children 386, - controls replication - cytokines, Th2 release increase - ferritin, high levels 393– - malnutrition - micronutrients 380, - nutritional deficiency - paediatric - plasma glutathione reduction - postnatal transmission - reduced vitamin E status - selenium - study design - sulphate excretion - transmission mother–child 397, - vitamin A supplementation - women, vitamin A 387– - zinc 392, - humoral immune response 361– see also deficiency; viruses
- humoral immunity 3–6, 212–
- hydrolysed milk formulas - bisphosphate 217, hydrolysis, cell-membrane phosphatidyl inositol-4, 5-
- hydrolysis resistance
- hygiene hypothesis 285,
- hypercatabolism
- hyperinflammatory response
- IgA 30, 277 , 282, 294–
- IgE 323–325, 326 , 332–
- IGF-1
- IgG 4 , 30, 46 , 51, 238,
- IgM 238,
- IL-1
- IL-2
- IL-4, cytokine 16–
- IL-6 242 , 348–
- IL-10 242–243,
- IL-12, cytokine
- IL-14 16–
- Immun-Aid®
- cells 66 , 197–200, 299– immune
- 294– exclusion, IgA-mediated mucosal homoeostasis
- impairment 348, 349 ,
- (MALT) 278– induction, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- responder phenotype imprinting, infant
- stimulation 254 , 263–
- immunization 23, 52,
- immuno-inflammatory diseases - glands immunocyte density, human lactating mammary
- immunodeficiency
- effector functions 5– immunoglobulin (Ig)
- IgA 30, 277 , 282, 294–
- IgE 323–325, 326 , 332–
- IGF-1
- IgG 4 , 30, 46 , 51, 238,
- IgM 238,
- isotypes 4–
- structure 3–
- immunology 102 , 197, 297 , 341– see also antibodies - benefits 259– immunomodulation, probiotics-mediated, health
- immunonutrition 103,
- immunophenotyping
- anti-allergy immunoregulatory immunoregulation
- breast milk 298–
- eicospaentaenoic acid (EPA) - lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 262–263, - probiotics 256– - putative factors 290, - LTB4 roles - PGE - immunosuppression 123–124, 201, - IMPACT® enteral nutrition 80, 103, 104, - improvement strategies 144 – - inappropriate responses, Th2 - allergy, Lactobacillus infants - appropriate for gestational age (AGA) 47, - diarrhoeal disease - virus (HIV)-positive mothers feeding policies, human immunodeficiency - immune-responder phenotype imprinting - immunocompetence - innate immunity - low-birth-weight (LBW) - measles 157– - mixed feeding - preterm - small for gestational age (SGA) 41, 47, - zinc supplement, oral - breast-feeding 396– infection - clinical - control strategy, nutrition - defence 273– - helminth - intervention strategies - iron 209–223, 393– - malnutrition 382– - micronutrients, mixed - models, animal 118– - public health implications 375– - resistance, impairment correction - risk 41–54, - selenium 388– - 136– sulphur amino acid and glutathione metabolism - susceptibility 222, - vitamin A 151–162, 384– - zinc 193–203, 390– - infectious diseases 156–161, 202, 260, see also danger signals; inflammation - inflammation 57–81, 142–144, - inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 291, see also danger signals; infection
- inflammatory changes, sepsis 79–
- inflammatory diseases 75–76, 139, 262–
- influenza vaccine, antibody, response, elderly
- arginine 99, injury
- exogenous glutamine 118–
- lung
- 136– sulphur amino acid and glutathione metabolism
- wound healing impairment correction
- innate cell defences, probiotics effects
- innate immune system 22, 23, 61–63,
- innate immunity 2, 23, 239 , 240 , - 376, Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) - receptor pair function associated antigen (LFA-1) ligand
- interferon (IFN)-γ secretion
- IL-1 interleukins
- IL-2
- IL-4, cytokine 16–
- IL-6 242 , 348–
- IL-10 242–243,
- IL-12, cytokine
- IL-14 16–
- 377, International Conference on Nutrition, Rome 1992,
- interorgan transport 109–
- intervention
- intervention strategies 52–
- interventions 376–
- intestinal parasitic infection increase
- intestine 251–252, 292,
- intracellular virus neutralization
- intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) 283–
- intramuscular glutamine decrease
- intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) 41, 47–
- iron 30–31, 209–223, 378, 393–396,
- isotype switching 4–5,
- juvenile chronic arthritis 262–
- keratinocytes (skin cells) 241, 242 –243,
- Keshan disease 244, see also skin
- keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) 286–
- kidney
- killer cells, selenium effects 238–
- kiwi fruit allergy
- Klebsiella , adhering, tracheal epithelial cells - kwashiorkor 25, 42, - lactating mammary glands, immunocyte density - lactating women, infections - lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 252, 256, 262– - anti-allergy properties Lactobacillus - anti-tumour immunity - diarrhoeal disease 257 , - immune stimulating probiotics 263– - infants allergy - mucosal tolerance induction - oral delivery 256, 258, - probiotics 252, 255, - tumour cells - lens opacities 175– - leucocytes 241, 258, 299–300, - leucotrienes (LTs) 72 , 236– - life-cycle approach - linoleic acid 57, 58–62, 64, - lipid peroxides 140, - lipids 30, 68–69, - lipoic acid - proliferation lipopolysaccharide, spleen cells, response - lipoxygenase (LOX) - liver 111, 135, - 273– local immunity, role, mucosal homoeostasis - infants - mortality risk 49– - multivitamins - phagocytic function, deranged - UNICEF Prevention of Low Birthweight programmes, - low-pH environment resistance see also birth weight - lumen - lung cancer 183, 184, - lung injury - lutein sources - lycopene 183, - activity promotion 121, lymphocytes - circulating numbers decrease, elderly - clonal expansion 3, - concentration increases, exercise - growth - mitogens treatment - mobilized to circulation, exercise
- phospholipase-Cy activity, fish oil
- probiotics effects 256–
- proliferation 99, 115 , 184, 362–
- selenium effects 238–
- zinc
- 287– lymphoepithelial interactions, putative involvement
- lymphoid cells
- lymphoid organs 112–
- lymphokine-activated killer cells 238,
- lymphopenia 197–
- lysozyme, decreased levels
- cytokine increases, elderly macrophage
- cytotoxicity increase
- function 115, 198–199, 215–216, 220,
- glutamine 113, 114, 115,
- gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
- immune cells 299–
- iron 215–216,
- migration inhibitory factor reduction
- nutritional status influence
- signals
- Th cells 12–
- transferrin receptor
- vitamin A deficiency 155–
- children 25, malaria
- children susceptibility increase
- iron
- iron status
- micronutrient supplementation
- vitamin A 159–
- malnourished children, zinc 383,
- antibodies reduction malnutrition
- children 383,
- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- indicator, mid upper arm circumference
- infection 382–
- intervention strategies
- lymphocytes subpopulations differentiation
- prevention and treatment strategy 375–
- mammary glands, B-cell homing 280– see also protein–energy malnutrition (PEM)
- management, food allergy 340–
- marasmus 25, 42, 43,
- mast cells
- maternal antibodies 276–277, - maternal diet, food allergens 333– see also breast milk; breast-feeding - 386– maternal morbidity and mortality, vitamin A - measles 28, 157–158, - adaptive immune, mucosal surfaces mechanisms - arginine action 99– - effector 18– - exercise-associated immune changes 350, - glutamine action 121– - impaired cell-mediated immunity - iron deficiency, impaired immunity 216– - damage membrane protection from peroxidative - selenium, mutants lack - tolerance induction - membrane proteins, function alterations - 66– membrane structure and composition alterations - membrane-mediated signals, changes 68– - memory T-cell (CD45RO+) - meta-analysis - metabolic disturbances 382– - arginase/ornithine pathways 96– metabolism - arginine 94–96, 98, - effects, immune system response, injury - eicosanoid, selenium 236– - glutamine 111 – - 136– glutathione, following infection and injury - iron 212–214, 215– - neutrophils, iron deficiency effects - selenium pathways - sulphur amino acids 133– - vitamin A 151– - metabolites production - methionine 133–134, 136, metallic elements see iron; zinc - microbe killing, selenium effects - microbes, intestinal environment 251– - microbial growth stimulation 394, - microbial invasion response - microflora 251– - Hunger, Micronutrient Conference on Ending Hidden - deficiency micronutrients - elderly - interaction
- nutritional immunology studies selenium; supplementation; vitamins; zinc
- nutritional rehabilitation, children
- nutritional status 362, 364,
- nutritional thymectomy
- open window 348, 349 ,
- opsonizing, antibodies
- oral allergy syndrome
- oral delivery, Lactobacillus 256, 258,
- oral probiotics 253–255,
- oral tolerance 273–274, 286–288, 291, 301–
- ornithine 94 , 96–
- otitis 281,
- ovalbumin, breast milk
- overload, iron, effects on immunity
- oxidant effect mechanism 142–
- oxidative damage, degenerative disorders
- oxidative stress 171, 244, 394–
- oxidizing agents
- parenteral dietary intake
- pathogen-specific antibody responses
- pathogens 252–
- pathways 96–97, 98, 110 , 112 ,
- peanut allergen
- peanut allergy 334, 335, 339–
- pentameric IgM
- peptide-binding cleft
- perinatal mortality
- periodontal disease
- peripheral blood monocytes, elderly
- peripheral blood T lymphocytes, elderly 360 ,
- peroxynitrate
- Peyer’s patches 282, 291,
- PGE 2 71 , 72– 73 , 76, 178,
- phagocytes 2, 18, 46, 51,
- phagocytosis
- pharmacological food intolerance
- physical examination, food allergy
- plant polyphenols
- plants, pigments 179–
- glutamine levels, catabolic stress 117– plasma
- glutathione reduction
- glycine decreases
- membrane fluidity
- serine decreases
- taurine decreases
- platelet degranualtion
- pneumococcal surface protein (SpsA)
- Pneumocystis 392,
- pneumonia 120, 384, 385–386,
- policy implications 400–
- polyamines 97,
- dietary sources 58– polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids (PUFAs)
- fish oil 57, 75,
- gene coding 73–
- oxidative destruction
- vitamin E - glutamine postcolorectal surgery, parenteral administration - 282– post-natal development, mucosal immunity
- post-natal mucosal B-cell development 285–
- post-natal protein malnutrition 41–
- prevention, food allergy 339– - UNICEF Prevention of Low Birthweight programmes,
- primary (ageing) immune deficiency 358–
- pro-inflammatory cytokine genes
- pro-inflammatory cytokines 137 ,
- probiotics 251–265, 285,
- procysteine
- prolactin
- proline 96–
- prostate cancer
- proteases, allergens
- protective effects, breast milk 298–
- protein kinase C 216–217,
- children protein–energy malnutrition (PEM)
- skin-test anergy
- tuberculosis
- clinical spectrum 41–
- elderly 365–
- host defence mechanisms
- immune activators 27–
- impaired immune response - homing pattern lymphocytes function change, traffic and
- proteins 133, 143, 328– see also malnutrition
- proteolysis resistance
- public health implications 375–
- puerperal infection - proliferation purified splenic, T lymphocytes, response
- putative immunoregulatory factors - 287– putative involvement, lymphoepithelial interactions
- radioallergosorbent test (RAST)
- rat natural killer (NK) cells activity inhibition
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) 171–174,
- enteral feeding formulae recommended daily allowance (RDA)
- immune function tests
- selenium 244–
- vitamin A
- vitamin E, elderly
- zinc 365, 401–
- regulatory mechanisms
- respiratory burst defined
- respiratory infections 54, 183, 222,
- respiratory morbidity increase
- response evaluation 25–
- response microenvironment
- rheumatoid arthritis, fish oil benefits 76,
- ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses 112,
- Safe Motherhood programmes
- salivary immunoglobulins
- Salmonella 259, 260, - factors, role 362– secondary immunodeficiency, elderly, nutritional - elderly secondary nutritionally induced immune deficiency,
- secretory antibody system 294–296, 298–
- secretory component (SC) 277 , 296, 298–
- secretory immunity 283–
- secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) 277 ,
- anti-infective property 381,
- cardiovascular disease
- closely supervised supplementation
- deficiency 229–247, 388–
- infection 388–
- intake relationship 244–
- recommended daily allowance 244–
- selenomethionine 234,
- selenophosphate synthetases
- selenoproteins 230–
- selonocysteine 230–
- selonocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) - Semliki Forest virus - Senieur protocol 357– - sensitization 324, 325, 327 , - sepsis 79–80, 101–105, - septic complications 101– - serine decreases, plasma - serum 3– - malnutrition (PEM) serum antibody responses, protein–energy - shellfish allergy - sickle-cell disease 201, 217– - B-cell activation signals and signalling - bacterial signalling - CD40 12, - cells, selenium effects - 288– co-stimulation antigen-presenting cells - danger, infection, inflammation - immune activation - immunological - macrophage - membrane-mediated 68– - orally delivered probiotics 253– - transduction 68–69, - UGA codon - Sinbis virus - skeletal muscle 109– 110 , 117, 118 , 351– - cells 241, 242 -243, skin - immune system, selenium effects - induration - test response 43, - tests, food allergy 337– - tumour - skin-prick test, food allergy 337– - small for gestational age (SGA) 41, 47, - small intestine - smokers 184–185, 215–216, - soybean allergy 334, - species differences, striking 275– - specific immunity - spleen 64, 212 , 213 , - splenic leucocytes - statistical evaluation - 256– stimulation, immune system, probiotics 252–253, - body 28, stress - catabolic 117– 118 , 120–121, 123– - oxidative 171, 244, 394– - stromal immune clearance - stunting 25, - subclinical mastitis 398– - substitution therapy 300– - sulphur amino acids 133–
- sunflower-seed oil 398–
- superoxide dismutase defined
- adverse consequences supplementation
- concerns
- overload 217–
- therapy response measure
- trauma-induced thymic involution
- wound healing
- suppressive mechanisms 273, see also diet; dietary; micronutrients
- surface immune exclusion
- symptoms, allergic reactions to food 323, 324 ,
- arginine 93– synthesis
- dietary sources fatty acids 58–
- eicosanoids 69 –
- glutamine, interorgan transport 109–
- glutathione enhancement
- selenoproteins 230–
- synthesizing date, publicising
- cell-mediated immunity 6– T-cells
- clonal expansion into effector cells
- differentiation into effector cells
- functions 199–200, 210–212, 217–219,
- generation decrease
- iron deficiency 210–
- iron overload 217–
- maturation decrease
- receptor (TCR) 6,
- –receptor molecule, schematic representation
- subsets, peripheral, changes 358–
- suppression
- T-helper (Th) cells 12–19,
- activation 25–26, 102 , T lymphocytes
- apoptosis
- breast milk 299–
- cocultures
- functional properties 2–
- glutathione synthetase (GSH) content
- numbers reduction, zinc deficiency
- peripheral blood, elderly
- proliferation in vitro , glutamine influence
- purified splenic, response proliferation
- signal transduction, zinc role
- (PEM) subsets, children, protein–energy malnutrition
- supplemental arginine
- supplementation therapy response measure
- thymus - vitamin A deficiency - zinc - taurine 133, 134–135, 138, 146– - tertiary immunodeficiency, elderly 358, 365– - thioredoxin reductase 238, 241, - thromboxane synthesis - thymulin 196– - atrophy 51, 201, thymus - iron deficiency - nutritional thymectomy - regrowth - size reduction 198, - size and weight - T lymphocytes - trauma-induced thymic involution - weight, decrease - thymus-independent (TI) antigens - tissue destruction - modulating strategies 144– tissue glutathione synthetase (GSH) content, - tissues 2–3, - induction mechanisms tolerance - mucosal induction 286– - oral 273–274, 286–288, 291, 301– - tomatoes 28, - total parenteral nutrition 28, - (PEM) tracheal-cell cilia, dogs, protein–energy malnutrition - transcription factors 143, 144, - transferrin receptor 212–213, 215, - transforming growth factor (TGF)-β - transgenic soybean allergy - transport, iron - trauma 79–80, 99, 118–120, 136– - treatment, food allergy 340– - treatment regime, newborn 293– - triacyglycerol, dietary fat - tuberculosis 24, 27, 160– - Bifidobacterium tumour - growth 100 , 260– - Lactobacillus 258, - probiotics 252–253, 260– - skin - thioredoxin reductases - tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- 215–216, 242 , see also cancer; neoplasms - tumour necrosis factor (TNF) - type I allergic responses 322 - - UK population, food allergy - ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) 183, 242,
- ultraviolet (UV) light exposure 180–
- UNICEF/WHO policy 383, 401– - 383, 401– United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 376, 378,
- upper respiratory-tract infections (URTI) 349–
- urea cycle 96,
- urinary excretion, sulphur 138,
- urinary nitrogen, excretion 138,
- urine tests, food allergy
- vaccines development
- vegetable allergens reactions
- cardiotoxic viruses
- Coxsackie 244,
- cytomegalovirus
- hepatitis B 244, 389,
- hepatitis C 394,
- intracellular virus neutralization
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- selenium 244,
- Semliki Forest
- shedding
- Sinbis
- adults vitamin A
- capsules
- childhood morbidity and mortality 384–
- deficiency 28,
- HIV-associated infection in children
- impact 381,
- 384– infection and immune system 151–162,
- maternal morbidity and mortality 386–
- 401– recommended daily allowance (RDA)
- supplementation
- supplementation impact - supplementation promotion - supplements - Th2 response - vitamin B6 141– - vitamin C 142, 174– - vitamin D - deficiency, Coxsackie virus vitamin E - dietary sources 173 – - elderly 365, - immune function 176– - mastitis - activation nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB) - supplementation - adverse consequences vitamins - antioxidant 171– - ascorbic acid - dietary sources 151–152, 153, 173 – - Waldeyer’s pharyngeal ring supplementation - whey protein - whole food - 401– World Health Organization (WHO) 375–376, 383, - World Summit for Children 2001, - wound healing 101, - apoptosis 195– zinc - daily doses - depletion - elderly - high-dose, effects, immune cell functions - impact 381– - infection 390– - infection and immunity 193– - intervention costs - supplement, oral, preterm infants
