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Abnormal Psychology CH 1
mental disorders are the _____ leading cause of disease-related disability and mortality, ranking slightly behind cardiovascular conditions and slightly ahead of cancer - ✅second At least ________ people will experience a serious form of abnormal behavior, such as depression, alcoholism, or schizophrenia, at some point during their lifetime. - ✅two out of every four The symptoms and signs of (and the manifestations/the study of the causes of) mental disorders, including such phenomena as depressed mood, panic attacks, and bizarre beliefs, are known as - ✅psychopathology Literally translated, this term means pathology of the mind. - ✅psychopathology what does psychopathogy literally mean - ✅the pathology of the mind __ is the application of psychological science to the study of mental disorders. includes investigations of the causes and treatments of psychopathological conditions - ✅Abnormal psychology is the application of psychological science to the study of mental disorders. Schizophrenia is a form of - ✅psychosis, a general term that refers to several types of severe mental disorders in which the person is considered to be out of contact with reality. - ✅psychosis
examples of psychotic symptoms - ✅hallucinations and delusions Most people who meet the criteria for _____ experience distinct episodes of mood disturbance, some involving mania or hypomania and some involving serious depression. - ✅bipolar disorder A manic episode is ______ - ✅a period of time lasting at least one week in which the person feels abnormally and persistently happy and energetic, with noticeably less need for sleep. At other times, the person may experience prolonged periods of severe depression, lasting weeks or months Mental disorders are, typically, defined by ________ __________________s; one symptom by itself is seldom sufficient to make a diagnosis. - ✅a set of characteristic features A group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder is referred to as a - ✅syndrome The duration of a person's symptoms is also important. _______ are defined in terms of persistent maladaptive behaviors. Many unusual behaviors and inexplicable experiences are short lived; if we ignore them, they go away. - ✅mental disorders Impairment in the ability to perform social and occupational roles is another consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder. Delusional beliefs and disorganized speech typically lead to a profound disruption of relationships with other people - ✅ok Psychologists and other mental health professionals do not at present have laboratory tests that can be used to confirm, definitively, the presence of psychopathology, because the processes that are responsible for mental disorders have not yet been discovered. - ✅ok
appreciate the extent of his problem or the impact his behavior had on other people. A psychologist would say that he did not have insight regarding his disorder. The discomfort was primarily experienced by Joyce, and she had attempted for many weeks to deny the nature of the problem. It would be useless to adopt a definition that considered Kevin's behavior to be abnormal only after he had been successfully treated. - ✅ok Another approach is to define abnormal behavior in terms of statistical norms—how common or rare the behavior is in the general population. By this definition, people with unusually high levels of anxiety or depression would be considered abnormal because their experience deviates from the expected norm. Kevin's paranoid beliefs would be defined as pathological because they are idiosyncratic. Mental disorders are, in fact, defined in terms of experiences that most people do not have. This approach, however, does not specify how unusual the behavior must be before it is considered abnormal. Some conditions that are, typically, considered to be forms of psychopathology are extremely rare. For example, dissociative identity disorder, the presence of two or more distinct personality states in the same person coupled with recurrent episodes of amnesia, occurs so infrequently that its prevalence cannot be estimated accura - ✅k approach to the definition of mental disorder has been proposed by Jerome Wakefield of Rutgers University- According to Wakefield, a condition should be considered a mental disorder if, and only if, it meets two criteria: - ✅The condition results from the inability of some internal mechanism (mental or physical) to perform its natural function. In other words, something inside the person is not working properly. Examples of such mechanisms include those that regulate levels of emotion, and those that distinguish between real auditory sensations and ones that are imagined. The condition causes some harm to the person as judged by the standards of the person's culture. These negative consequences are measured in terms of the person's own subjective distress or difficulty performing expected social or occupational roles. who came up with the term "harmful dysfunction" - ✅jerome wakefield harmful dysfunction defintion - ✅The definition incorporates one element that is based as much as possible on an objective evaluation of performance. The natural function of cognitive and perceptual processes is to allow the
person to perceive the world in ways that are shared with other people and to engage in rational thought and problem solving. The dysfunctions in mental disorders are assumed to be the product of disruptions of thought, feeling, communication, perception, and motivation. element 2: The harmful dysfunction view of mental disorder recognizes that every type of dysfunction does not lead to a disorder. Only dysfunctions that result in significant harm to the person are considered to be disorders. This is the second element of the definition. There are, for example, many types of physical dysfunctions, such as albinism, reversal of heart position, and fused toes, that clearly represent a significant departure from the way that some biological process ordinarily functions. These conditions are not considered to be disorders, however, because they are not necessarily harmful to the person. abnormal behavior - ✅A syndrome (groups of associated features) that is characterized by disturbance of a person's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. The consequences of which are clinically significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. The syndrome reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes that are associated with mental functioning. Must not be merely an expectable response to common stressors and losses or a culturally sanctioned response to a particular event (e.g., trance states in religious rituals). That is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflicts with society. The DSM-5 definition of abnormal behavior places primary emphasis on the consequences of certain behavioral syndromes. Accordingly, mental disorders are defined by clusters of persistent, maladaptive behaviors that are associated with personal distress, such as anxiety or depression, or with impairment in social functioning, such as job performance or personal relationships. The official definition, therefore, recognizes the concept of dysfunction, and it spells out ways in which the harmful consequences of the disorder might be identified. - ✅ok he DSM-5 definition excludes voluntary behaviors as well as beliefs and actions that are shared by religious, political, or sexual minority groups (e.g., gays and lesbians). In the 1960s, for example, members of the Yippie Party intentionally engaged in disruptive behaviors, such as throwing money off the balcony at a stock exchange. Their purpose was to challenge traditional values. These were, in some ways, maladaptive behaviors that could have resulted in social impairment if those involved had been legally prosecuted. But they were not dysfunctions. They were intentional political gestures. It makes sense to try to distinguish between voluntary behaviors and mental disorders, but the boundaries between these different forms of behavior are difficult to draw. Educated discussions of these issues depend on the consideration of a number of important questions. -
A few years later, when discussions about DSM-5 began, the process was designed to be more open. Work groups were encouraged to make changes that would bring the system in line with contemporary thinking, even if hard evidence was not available to indicate that the change was empirically justified. Reasonable arguments can be made for both approaches to the revision process. Ultimately, the value of these changing definitions will be judged by the outcomes. - ✅k The American Psychiatric Association clearly owns DSM, having launched the original version in 1952
- ✅k people who function at the highest levels can be described as - ✅vflourishing] They are people who typically experience many positive emotions, are interested in life, and tend to be calm and peaceful. Flourishing people also hold positive attitudes about themselves and other people. They find meaning and direction in their lives and develop trusting relationships with other people. vThe process by which the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is constructed and revised is necessarily influenced by ______ considerations - ✅cultural k _____ is defined in terms of the values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by a specific community or group of people. These values and beliefs have a profound influence on opinions regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior - ✅Culture DSM-5 concept of ______, which is defined in terms of the absence of orgasm during occasions of sexual activity if it is accompanied by subjective distress that results from this disturbance. - ✅female orgasmic disorder abnormal in one society and not in another.
In the first and second editions of the DSM, homosexuality was, by definition, a form of mental disorder, in spite of arguments expressed by scientists, who argued that homosexual behavior was not abnormal. - ✅wow in order to be considered a form of mental disorder a condition ought to be associated with ______ - ✅subjective distress or seriously impaired social or occupational functioning. Culture is a dynamic process; it changes continuously as a result of the actions of individuals. To the extent that our definition of abnormal behavior is determined by cultural values and beliefs, we should expect that it will continue to evolve over time. - ✅k tiger had what - ✅mental disorder—specifically, sexual addiction (some called it "sexual compulsion," and one called it the "Clinton syndrome" in reference to similar problems that had been discussed in the midst of President Clinton's sex scandal in 1998). The symptoms of this disorder presumably include low self-esteem, insecurity, need for reassurance, and sensation seeking, to name only a few. One expert claimed that 20 percent of highly successful men suffer from sexual addiction. is sexual addiction in dsm5 - ✅sexual addiction does not appear as an officially recognized mental disorder in DSM-5. Bulimia Nervosa (BN) - ✅An eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of bingeing and purging. ______ is the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population - ✅Epidemiology Epidemiologists are concerned with questions, such as - ✅whether the frequency of a disorder has increased or decreased during a particular period, whether it is more common in one geographic area than in another, and whether certain types of people—based on such factors as gender, race, and socioeconomic status—are at greater risk than other types for the development of the disorder.
The epidemiological evidence regarding prevalence differences between men and women has been collected primarily using self-report measures of ______ (e.g., are you a man or a woman?). - ✅gender the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population. - ✅epidimiology true o false bitch ; All of us can expect to encounter the challenges of a mental disorder—either for ourselves or for someone we love—at some point during our lives. - ✅true bitch The most prevalent specific type of disorder was major depression (17 percent). Substance-use disorders and various kinds of anxiety disorders were also relatively common. Substantially lower lifetime prevalence rates were found for schizophrenia and eating disorders (bulimia and anorexia), which affect approximately 1 percent of the population. - ✅ok most prevalent disorder - ✅major depression Mood disorders were ____ to be rated as severe (45 percent) while anxiety disorders were to be rated as severe (23 percent). - ✅the most likely, less likely what 3 disorders are more common among women - ✅Major depression, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders are more common among men (Steel et al., 2014). - ✅alcoholism and antisocial personality what disorder appears with equal frequency in both women and men - ✅bipolar disorder
What conditions would make women more vulnerable to one kind of disorder and men more vulnerable to another?\ - ✅There are many possibilities, including factors such as hormones, patterns of learning, and social pressures The presence of more than one condition within the same period of time is known as - ✅comorbidity (or co-occurrence) the most serious problems are concentrated in a smaller group of people who exhibit a - ✅broad range of symptoms that involve more than one formal diagnostic category. Epidemiologists measure disease burden by combining two factors: - ✅mortality and disability. The common measure of disease burden is based on time: lost years of healthy life, which might be caused by premature death (compared to the person's standard life expectancy) or living with a disability (weighted for severity). For purposes of comparison among different forms of disease and injury, the disability produced by major depression is considered to be equivalent to that associated with blindness or paraplegia. A psychotic disorder, such as schizophrenia, leads to disability that is comparable to that associated with quadriplegia. - ✅ok Although mental disorders are responsible for only __ percent of all deaths, they produce __ percent of all disability in economically developed countries, such as the United States, - ✅one percent. 47 percent. ok t`he combined index (mortality plus disability) reveals that, as a combined category, mental disorders are the second leading source of disease burden in developed countries - ✅ok
Specialized mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers, treat fewer than ___________ of those people who seek help for mental disorders - ✅one-half (40 percent) Roughly _______) are treated by primary care physicians, who are most likely to prescribe some form of medication. The remaining ___ percent of mental health services are delivered by social agencies and self-help groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous. - ✅one-third (34 percent.. 26 _____ is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders. Psychiatrists complete the normal sequence of coursework and internship training in a medical school (usually four years) before going on to receive specialized residency training (another four years) that is focused on abnormal behavior. By virtue of their medical training, psychiatrists are licensed to practice medicine and, therefore, are able to prescribe medication. Most psychiatrists are also trained in the use of psychosocial intervention. - ✅psychiatry ; ___ is concerned with the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders. A clinical psychologist, typically, completes _____ of graduate study in a department of psychology as well as a one-year internship before receiving a doctoral degree. Clinical psychologists are trained in the use of psychological assessment procedures and in the use of psychotherapy. Within clinical psychology, there are two primary types of clinical training programs. One course of study, which leads to the ______ degree, involves a traditional sequence of graduate training with a major emphasis on research methods. The other approach, which culminates in a _____degree, places greater emphasis on practical skills of assessment and treatment and does not require an independent research project for the dissertation. One can also obtain a PhD degree in counseling psychology, a more applied field that fo - ✅Clinical psychology.;five years; PhD (doctor of philosophy);PsyD (doctor of psychology) _____ is a third profession that is concerned with helping people to achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning. Most practicing social workers have a master's degree in social work. In contrast to psychology and psychiatry, social work is based less on a body of scientific knowledge than on a commitment to action. Social work is practiced in a wide range of settings, from courts and prisons to schools and hospitals, as well as other social service agencies. The emphasis tends to be on social and cultural factors, such as the effects of poverty on the availability of educational and health services, rather than on individual differences in personality or psychopathology. Psychiatric social workers receive specialized training in the treatment of mental health problems. - ✅Social work;
Like social workers, professional counselors work in many different settings, ranging from schools and government agencies to mental health centers and private practice. Most are trained at the master's degree level, and the emphasis of their activity is also on providing direct service. Marriage and family therapy is a multidisciplinary field in which professionals are trained to provide psychotherapy. Most marriage and family therapists (MFTs) are trained at the master's level, and many hold a degree in social work, counseling, or psychology as well. Although the theoretical orientation is focused on couples and family issues, approximately half of the people treated by MFTs are seen in individual psychotherapy. Psychiatric nursing is a rapidly growing field. Training for this profession, typically, involves a bachelor's degree in nursing plus graduate-level training (at least a master's degree) in the treatment of - ✅ok Another approach to mental health services that is expanding rapidly in size and influence is psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR). Professionals in this area work in crisis, residential, and case management programs for people with severe forms of disorder, such as schizophrenia. PSR workers teach people practical, day-to-day skills that are necessary for living in the community, thereby reducing the need for long-term hospitalization and minimizing the level of disability experienced by their clients. Graduate training is not required for most PSR positions; three out of four people providing PSR services have either a high school education or a bachelor's degree. - ✅ij many _____ have pursued the right to prescribe medication - ✅psychologists most of those who are in need of professional treatment do not get it - ✅Some people who qualify for a diagnosis may not be so impaired as to seek treatment; others, as we shall see, may not recognize their disorder. In some cases, treatment may not be available, the person may not have the time or resources to obtain treatment, or the person may have tried treatments in the past that failed. old times; abnormal behavior as resulting from the disfavor of the gods or the mischief of demons. In fact, abnormal behavior continues to be attributed to demons in some preliterate societies today. - ✅ok Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 bce), who ridiculed demonological accounts of illness and insanity. Instead, Hippocrates hypothesized that abnormal behavior, like other forms of disease, had _______ -
✅okay ; Dorothea Dix was a leader in this movement. Dix argued that treating the mentally ill in hospitals was both more humane and more economical than caring for them haphazardly in their communities, and she urged that special facilities be built to house mental patients - ✅ih The creation of large institutions for the treatment of mental patients led to the development of a new profession—psychiatry. By the middle of the 1800s, superintendents of asylums for the insane were almost always physicians who had experience in the care of people with severe mental disorders. The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), which later became the American Psychiatric Association (APA), was founded in 1844. The large patient populations within these institutions provided an opportunity for the physicians to observe various types of psychopathology over an extended period of time. They soon began to publish their ideas regarding the causes of these conditions, and they also experimented with new treatment methods - ✅ok lunatics, a term used at the time to describe people with mental disorders back then - ✅ok Samuel Woodward, the asylum's first superintendent, also became the first president of the AMSAII. Woodward became very well known throughout the United States and Europe because of his claims that _______ - ✅mental disorders could be cured just like other types of diseases. Worcester Lunatic Hospital, and its superintendent, became a model for psychiatric care upon which other 19th-century hospitals were built. Woodward's ideas about the causes of disorders represented a combination of physical and moral considerations. Moral factors focused on the person's lifestyle. Violations of "natural," or conventional, behavior could presumably cause mental disorders. Judgments regarding the nature of these violations were based on the prevailing middle class, Protestant standards that were held by Woodward and his peers, who were almost invariably well-educated, white males. After treating several hundred patients during his first 10 years at the Worcester asylum, Woodward argued that at least half of the cases could be traced to immoral behavior, improper living conditions, and exposure to unnatural stresses. Specific examples included intemperance (heavy drinking), masturbation, overwork, dom -
"no disease, of equal severity, can be treated with greater success than insanity, if the remedies are applied sufficiently early." He reported that the recovery rates at the Worcester asylum varied from 82 percent to 91 percent between 1833 and 1845. - ✅ok They included inducing fever, insulin comas, and lobotomy, a crude form of brain surgery (see Table 1.1). These dramatic procedures, which have subsequently proved to be ineffective, were accepted with the same enthusiasm that greeted the invention of large public institutions in 19th-century America. - ✅okay. old treatments Somatic Treatment: Fever Therapy describe procedure - ✅Blood from people with malaria was injected into psychiatric patients so that they would develop a fever. Observation that symptoms sometimes disappeared in patients who became ill with typhoid fever Insulin Coma Therapy - ✅Insulin was injected into psychiatric patients to lower the sugar content of the blood and induce a hypoglycemic state and deep coma. Observed mental changes among some diabetic drug addicts who were treated with insulin LOBOTOMY - ✅A sharp knife was inserted through a hole that was bored in the patients skull, severing nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobes to the rest of the brain. Observation that the same surgical procedure with chimpanzees led to a reduction in the display of negative emotion during stress Until a hypothesis is supported by ___________, the community of scientists assumes that the new prediction is _____ -
conclusion that the null hypothesis is true. Scientists never prove the null hypothesis; they only fail to reject it. - ✅sounds goo d the philosophy of knowledge, epistemology, tells us that it is impossible ever to prove that an experimental hypothesis is _________ - ✅false in every circumstance. an in-depth look at the symptoms and circumstances surrounding one person's mental disturbance - ✅case study ' vDetailed case studies can provide an exhaustive catalog of the symptoms that the person displayed, the manner in which these symptoms emerged, the developmental and family history that preceded the onset of the disorder, and whatever response the person may have shown to treatment efforts. This material often forms the basis for hypotheses about the causes of a person's problems For many people, our initial ideas about the nature and potential causes of abnormal behavior are shaped by personal experience with a close friend or family member who has struggled with a psychological disorder. - ✅ok dissociative identity disorder and gender dysphoria are examples of disorders that are so infrequent that it is difficult to find groups of patients for the purpose of research studies. Much of what we know about these conditions is based on descriptions of individual patients. Case study drawbacks - ✅Case studies also have several drawbacks. The most obvious limitation of case studies is that they can be viewed from many different perspectives. Any case can be interpreted in several ways, and competing explanations may be equally plausible. Consider, for example, Abraham Lincoln, who suffered through periods of profound depression throughout his adult life. Some historians have argued that Lincoln's mood disorder can be traced to the sudden death of his mother when he was nine years old (Burlingame, 1994). The impact of this tragic experience was later intensified by several other losses, including the deaths of two of his four sons. Heredity may also have played a role in the origins of Lincoln's depression. Some of Lincoln's cousins were apparently also depressed, and neighbors recalled that Lincoln's father "often got the blues." Speculation of this sort is intriguing, particularly in the case of a man who played such an important role in the history of the
United States. But we must remember that case studies are not conclusive. Lincoln's experience does not indicate conclusively whether the loss of a parent can increase a person's vulnerability to depression, and it does not prove that genetic factors are involved in the transmission of this disorder. These questions must be resolved through scientific investigation. The other main limitation of case studies is that it is risky to draw general conclusions about a disorder from a single example. How can we know that this individual is representative of the disorder as a whole? Are his or her experiences typical for people with this disorder? Again, hypotheses generated on the basis of the single case must be tested in research with larger, more representative samples of patients. Look at chapter 1 summary page - ✅ok
