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APEA STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPREHENSIVE ANSWER DIGEST, Exams of Animal Anatomy and Physiology

Liberty University (LU)Animal Anatomy and Physiology

APEA STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPREHENSIVE ANSWER DIGEST

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 03/18/2026

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APHY 101 IVY TECH ACTUAL EXAM PAPERAPHY 101 IVY TECH ACTUAL EXAM PAPER
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+A+
•The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air
in the lungs is.
Answer: simple squamous epithelium
•Body heat is lost primarily by.
Answer: radiation
•frontalis.
Answer: raises eyebrows
•Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called.
Answer: central canals
•A body has been sectioned in such a way that there is one whole lung per
section and the urinary bladder has been split in half. What type of section is
this?.
Answer: sagittal
•Which type of tissue lines the follicles of the thyroid glands?.
Answer: simple cuboidal epithelium
•occipitalis.
Answer: pulls scalp posteriorly
•The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration take place in the.
Answer: cytoplasm
•Orbicularis oculi.
Answer: closes eyes
•Which action is the main function of the digestive system?.
Answer: absorption of nutrients
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Download APEA STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPREHENSIVE ANSWER DIGEST and more Exams Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

APHY 101 IVY TECH ACTUAL EXAM PAPERAPHY 101 IVY TECH ACTUAL EXAM PAPER

2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED

A+A+

  • The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is. Answer: simple squamous epithelium
  • Body heat is lost primarily by. Answer: radiation
  • frontalis. Answer: raises eyebrows
  • Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called. Answer: central canals
  • A body has been sectioned in such a way that there is one whole lung per section and the urinary bladder has been split in half. What type of section is this?. Answer: sagittal
  • Which type of tissue lines the follicles of the thyroid glands?. Answer: simple cuboidal epithelium
  • occipitalis. Answer: pulls scalp posteriorly
  • The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration take place in the. Answer: cytoplasm
  • Orbicularis oculi. Answer: closes eyes
  • Which action is the main function of the digestive system?. Answer: absorption of nutrients
  • Zygomaticus major. Answer: smiles
  • A cell is surrounded by an extremely thin, flexible membrane. Why is the membrane selectively permeable?. Answer: It allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity, and other factors.
  • Orbicularis oris. Answer: closes mouth
  • What type of tissue is adipose tissue?. Answer: connective tissue
  • The human integumentary system includes. Answer: skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands
  • Buccinator. Answer: pulls corners of mouth posteriorly
  • Masseter. Answer: closes mandible
  • Temporalis. Answer: closes mandible
  • DNA and RNA differ in that. Answer: DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein.
  • Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires. Answer: negative feedback mechanism
  • Transcription and translation differ in that. Answer: transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.
  • Sternocleidomastoid. Answer: rotates head

correct?. Answer: Circulation—the movement of substances in body fluids

  • Which of the following characteristics is used to name tissue types?. Answer: organization of cells
  • Rectus abdominis. Answer: flexion of the lumbar spine
  • The isotope most likely to be used to study the thyroid gland is. Answer: iodine-
  • External oblique. Answer: rotates trunk
  • The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways is. Answer: transitional
  • Internal oblique. Answer: rotates trunk
  • Transversus abdominis. Answer: compresses abdominal contents
  • ATP is important to cellular processes because it. Answer: provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.
  • Trapezius. Answer: abducts head
  • Teres minor. Answer: extends and rotates arm
  • In phagocytosis. Answer: a cell membrane engulfs solid particles.
  • Biceps brachii. Answer: flexes forearm
  • Anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because. Answer: physiological functions depend on anatomical structures.
  • Brachioradialis. Answer: flexes forearm
  • A burn affecting only the epidermis is a. Answer: superficial partial-thickness burn
  • Triceps brachii. Answer: extends forearm
  • In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the. Answer: surface area of the burn.
  • Simple squamous epithelium is an example of a(n). Answer: tissue
  • Pronator teres. Answer: pronates hand
  • A complete atom is electrically neutral because. Answer: the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
  • Involuntary muscle tissues are. Answer: smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue
  • Bone cells and muscle cells differ in structure and function because. Answer: each expresses a different subset of genes.
  • If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside,. Answer: water will leave the cell by osmosis
  • Supinator. Answer: supinates hand
  • Vastus lateralis, vastus mediales , vastus intermedius, rectus femoris.. Answer: quadricep muscles
  • The breakdown of table sugar into glucose and fructose is an example of a(n) __________ reaction.. Answer: hydrolysis
  • Functions of neuroglia include which of the following?. Answer: They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.
  • Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic substance in the body?. Answer: water
  • Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes?. Answer: They are most active at temperatures above 53 degrees C.
  • Cells are placed in a solution that causes them to absorb liquid until they burst. When more water is removed from the solution, newly added cells do not burst. The original solutions was __________ , while the second was __________ to the cells.. Answer: hypotonic; isotonic
  • Which organelle contains the nucleolus?. Answer: nucleus
  • Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of. Answer: melanin
  • Epidermis is __________, whereas dermis is __________.. Answer: composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes
  • Dehydration synthesis reactions __________ , whereas hydrolysis reactions __________ .. Answer: lose H2O as bonds are formed; use H2O to break bonds
  • The dermis is composed largely of. Answer: dense irregular connective tissue
  • Skin cells play an important role in producing. Answer: Vitamin D
  • Vesicles are formed from the. Answer: cell membrane
  • The upper midportion of the abdomen is called the __________region.. Answer: epigastric
  • In all organisms, the basic unit of structure and function is. Answer: the cell
  • Molecules bind to receptor sites and are enclosed in vesicles in the process of. Answer: receptor-mediated endocytosis.
  • The tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is. Answer: mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified.
  • Which of the following is an example of catabolism?. Answer: The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria
  • The activities of an anatomist consist of __________, whereas those of a physiologist consist of __________.. Answer: observing body parts; studying functions of body parts
  • Which of the following diseases would originate in the abdominopelvic cavity?. Answer: pancreatitis
  • Specialized cell types organized in a way that provides a specific function form. Answer: tissues, which build organs
  • As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,. Answer: they die
  • Which of the following is not true of organelles?.
  • A person has alkalemia if the blood pH. Answer: rises above 7.5.
  • Blood cells are produced in the organs of the __________system.. Answer: skeletal
  • The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the. Answer: stratum basale
  • Anatomy. Answer: examines the structures of body parts
  • Physiology. Answer: examines the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it
  • Levels of organization. Answer: Subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
  • Metabolism. Answer: all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life
  • homeostasis. Answer: The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment
  • homeostatic mechanisms. Answer: receptors, control center, effectors
  • receptor. Answer: provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment
  • control center. Answer: set point; a particular value, such as body temperature at 37°C (Celsius) or 98.6°F (Fahrenheit)
  • effector.

Answer: cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

  • negative feedback. Answer: If the receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal. As this happens, the deviation from the set point progressively lessens, and the effectors gradually shut down.
  • cranial cavity. Answer: houses the brain
  • spinal cavity. Answer: houses the spinal cord
  • thoracic cavity. Answer: contains the lungs and heart
  • abdominal cavity. Answer: contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and the small and large intestines.
  • pelvic cavity. Answer: contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.
  • serous membranes. Answer: line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities. These membranes secrete a slippery serous fluid that separates the layer lining the wall of the cavity (parietal layer) from the layer covering the organ (visceral layer).
  • Aging at a cellular level. Answer: Cells mark time too, many approaching the end of a limited number of predetermined cell divisions as their chromosome tips whittle down. Such cells reaching the end of their division days may enlarge or die. Some cells may be unable to build the apparatus that pulls apart replicated chromosomes in a cell on the verge of division. Impaired cell division slows
  • dorsal. Answer: Backside
  • Why is chemistry an important part of physiology?. Answer: Understanding the basics of chemistry is essential for understanding physiology, because body functions result from cellular functions that, in turn, result from chemical changes.
  • atom. Answer: Smallest particle of an element
  • element. Answer: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means
  • molecule. Answer: Two or more atoms may combine to form a distinctive type of particle
  • compound. Answer: (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients
  • Name the bulk elements in the human body.. Answer: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
  • atomic number. Answer: Number of protons in an atom
  • atomic weight. Answer: equals the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
  • ion. Answer: An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
  • How do you indicate an ion in a molecular formula?. Answer: negative ions have (-), positive ions have (+)
  • isotope. Answer: An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.
  • Synthesis reaction A+B --> AB. Answer: A chemical reaction in which two or more reactants combine to produce a single product.
  • Decomposition reaction AB --> A+B. Answer: A reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
  • Exchange reaction AB+CD ---> AD+CB. Answer: Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms.,
  • Reversible reaction A + B <--> AB. Answer: A reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur simultaneously. It's shown by a double arrow,
  • Electrolyte. Answer: Substances that release ions in water
  • acid. Answer: Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions (H+) in water; a pH below 7.
  • base. Answer: Substances that combine with hydrogen ion; releases hydroxide ions (OH-); A substance with a pH above 7
  • neutral. Answer: A pH of 7., A liquid that is neither an acid nor base
  • Acidosis. Answer: blood pH falls to 7.0 to 7.3, makes one feel disoriented and fatigued, and breathing may become difficult.

Answer: the polypeptide chain either forms a springlike coil (alpha helix) or folds back and forth on itself (beta-pleated sheet) or folds into other shapes

  • tertiary structure of a protein. Answer: Hydrogen bonding and even covalent bonding between atoms in different parts of a polypeptide can impart another, larger level of folding.
  • quaternary structure of a protein. Answer: The association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein.
  • What are the major parts of a cell?. Answer: nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
  • organelles. Answer: A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
  • Cell membrane. Answer: maintains the integrity of the cell, controls passage of materials in and out of the cell, and provides for signal transduction; made of proteins and lipid molecules
  • ribosomes. Answer: synthesize proteins; particles composed of protein and RNA molecules
  • Endoplasmic reticulum. Answer: complex of connected, membrane bound sacs, canals and vesicles; transports materials within the cell, provides attachment for ribosomes, and synthesizes lipids
  • vesicles. Answer: membranous sacs;contains substances that recently entered the cell, stores and transports newly synthesized molecules
  • Golgi apparatus. Answer: group of flattened membranous sacs; packages and modifies

proteins for transport and secretion

  • mitochondria. Answer: membranous sacs with inner partitions; release energy from food molecules and convert the energy into a usable form
  • lysosomes. Answer: membranous sacs; contain enzymes capable of digesting worn out cellular parts or substances that enter the cell
  • peroxisomes. Answer: membranous sacs; contain enzymes called peroxidases, important in the breakdown of organic molecules
  • centrosome. Answer: non membranous structure composed of two rod-like centrioles; helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division, initiates formation of cilia
  • cilia. Answer: Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
  • flagellum. Answer: A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.
  • microfilaments and microtubules. Answer: Thin rods and tubules. Support the cytoplasm and help move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm.
  • nuclear envelope. Answer: A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm
  • nucleolus. Answer: A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes

Answer: Energy-requiring movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.

  • endocytosis. Answer: Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell. requires energy
  • pinocytosis. Answer: Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles. requires energy
  • phagocytosis. Answer: A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles (cell eating). requires energy
  • receptor-mediated. Answer: The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; requires energy
  • exocytosis. Answer: Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane. requires energy
  • transcytosis. Answer: Combines endocytosis and exocytosis to selectively and rapidly transport a substance or particle from one end of a cell to the other. ** Moves substances across barriers formed by tightly connected cells. ** requires energy
  • hypertonic. Answer: A situation in which the concentration of solutes in a solution is higher than what it contains. cell shrinks
  • hypotonic.

Answer: A solution with a higher concentration of water than the cell; cell swells

  • isotonic. Answer: A solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration of another solution. cell stats the same
  • how does the number of solute particles in a solution affect osmotic pressure?. Answer: The greater the concentration of impermeant solute particles (protein in this case) in a solution, the lower the water concentration of that solution and the greater the osmotic pressure
  • G1-cell growth, S-genetic material replicates, G2-cell growth. Answer: types of interphase
  • Mitosis. Answer: cell division; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
  • prophase. Answer: the chromatin fibers condense, making the individual chromosomes visible
  • metaphase. Answer: spindle fibers attach to the centromeres so that a fiber accompanying one chromatid attaches to one centromere and a fiber accompanying the other chromatid attaches to its centromere. The chromosomes move along the spindle fibers, and microtubules help align them about midway between the centrioles
  • anaphase. Answer: The separated chromosomes move in opposite directions, again as the result of microtubule activity. The spindle fibers shorten and pull their attached chromosomes toward the centrioles at opposite sides of the cell
  • telophase. Answer: the final stage of mitosis, the chromosomes complete their