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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Student ID Class Assessor name Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid
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- I, The benefits and constraints of different network types and standards. Table of Contents
- Definition of network.
- Types of networks
- 2.1 LAN (local area network).
- 2.2 MAN(metropolitan area network)
- 2.3 WAN( wide area network).
- Protocols and standards.
- 3.1 Protocol.
- 3.2 Standards.
- Chapter II: The impact of network technology, communication, and bandwidth requirements.
- Network topology and its types.
- Types of popular network topologies.
- 2.1 Bus topology.
- 2.2 Mesh topology.
- 2.3 Star topology.
- 2.4 Ring topology.
- 2.5 Tree topology.
- 2.6 Hyprid topology.
- Communication and bandwidth requirement.
- 3.1 Communication.
- 3.2 Bandwidth requirement.
- Chapter III: the operating principles of networking devices and server types.
- Network devices.
- 1.1 Router.
- 1.2 Switch.
- 1.3 Gateway.
- 1.4 Firewall.
- Types of network servers.
- 2.1 DHCP server.
- 2.2 DNS server.
- 2.3 FTP server.
- Chapter IV: The inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software.
- The inter-dependence.
- Workstation hardware.
- Networking software.
- The interdependence of hardware and software.
- References
- Figure 1: global network................................................................................................................................................ Table of figures
- Figure 2: Types of network
- Figure 3: Local area network
- Figure 4: metropolitan area network
- Figure 5: wide area network..........................................................................................................................................
- Figure 6: exempe of a protocol
- Figure 7: physical and logical topology........................................................................................................................
- Figure 8: Bus topology
- Figure 9: Mesh topology
- Figure 10: Star topology
- Figure 11: Ring topology
- Figure 12: Tree topology
- Figure 13: Hybrid topology
- Figure 14: Bandwidth
- Figure 15: Router device
- Figure 16: CAM table in a switch
- Figure 17: Gateway......................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 18: Firewall
- Figure 19: DHCP server
- Figure 20: DNS server
- Figure 21: FTP server
- Figure 22: Inter-dependence
- Figure 23: Workstation hardware
- Figure 24: Software defined networking
- Figure 25: Hardware and software..............................................................................................................................
I, The benefits and constraints of different network types and standards.
1. Definition of network. A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to allow data sharing. These devices are connected with each other through many different forms such as fiber, cable, radio waves, or satellite waves. Figure 1 : global network 2. Types of networks Nowadays, there are a lot of different types of networks with a variety of sizes from connecting two computers into a small room to millions of computers across the world. Some of the popular networks that are applied widely such as LAN, WAN, and MAN. Figure 2 : Types of network
2.1 LAN (local area network). Lan (local area network) is a collection of computers and other devices that are connected with each other within a building, a office, or a premise, and it allows local devices can share and receive data through a file server. Devices can be linked through HUB, switches, cable, or even wireless. Figure 3 : Local area network LAN comes with both advantages and disadvantages: Benefits of LAN: + Sharing resources: in LAN, all of the resources like a DVD driver, or printer may be networked to a single computer so that when resources are needed, they can be shared among the linked computers. Therefore, it makes sharing simple and decreases equipment costs and purchases. + Data security: Users on a certain network might be denied or allowed by the host, so data will be more secure. + Convenient communication: users can exchange data and messenger with others in a convenient way because data is stored on the server, and users can access it at any time. Constraints of LAN:
+ Difficult to manage: It gets more difficult to handle MAN as it grows in size. This is due to a security issue as well as an extra configuration. + Internet speed difference: MAN can not work through the copper wire that provides low speed. Therefore, it will be installed with fiber optics that cost high. + Hackers attack: Data may be exposed in MAN since there are more risks of hackers attacking the network than on LAN. 2.3 WAN( wide area network). A wide-area network (WAN) connects several LANs and MANs distributed across a vast geographic area into a single huge network (Redman, 2019). Hubs, switches, fiber optics, modems, and routers are used to send data throughout the network. Figure 5 : wide area network Wan also come with with both advantages and disadvantages:
Benefits of WAN: + Covers large geographical area: Wan covers a wide geographical region of at least 1000 km2. + Distribute workload and decrease travel charges: You may distribute your work to various areas and save money on travel since you can track your team's activity online. + High bandwidth: If you obtain leased lines for your company then it delivers better bandwidth than a conventional broadband connection. You may receive a high data transmission rate, which can help your company become more productive Constraints of WAN: + The setup cost is high: buying routers, switches, and extra security software cost high. + Security problems: WAN is combined with many technologies that cause a security gap + Needs firewall and antivirus software: Hackers can access and change data sent over the internet, thus firewalls are necessary.
3. Protocols and standards. 3.1 Protocol. “A protocol defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between two or more communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a message or other event” (Kurose & Ross, 2019). In general, protocols are like a common language of computers, so all computers in a network have to know a common protocol to be able to communicate. The protocol's major functions are to identify computer hosts and to provide a straightforward location service. Different protocols are used to execute different communication tasks.
De factor: these are the standards that are followed without the approval of any formal plan or organization. Their existence is due to either traditions or facts. Nowadays, these standards are still being used by many organizations in the world. SNA is an example of de facto standard. De jure: These standards were created after extensive study to meet the needs of data transmission. Most today's communication standards are de jure standards.
Chapter II: The impact of network technology, communication, and bandwidth
requirements.
1. Network topology and its types. Network topology refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on your network are physically or logically arranged in relation to each other. In general, topologies include two type are physical topology and logical topology. Figure 7 : physical and logical topology Physical topology: can be thought of as a network media layout that illustrates the interconnections between the devices on the network. Logical topology: Logical network topology refer to how the network is configured, such as which nodes link to each other and in what ways, and how data is transferred across the network. All virtual and cloud resources are included in the logical network topology. Comparison chart between logical and physical topology:
Basis for comparison Physical topology Logical topology Description It refers to physical layout of network. It refers to how transmission of data is sent. Types Bus, star, ring, and mesh topologies. bus and ring topologies. Founded on Physical connections of cables and devices. The path traveled by data in network. Influencing factors Cost, scalability, flexibility, and bandwidth capicity. Data delivery causes lost packets or congestion. Changes The layout can be modified based on needs. There is not interference involved here.
2. Types of popular network topologies. 2.1 Bus topology. Bus topology is a network type that includes a single main cable, with which all of computers and other devices are connected. Figure 8 : Bus topology
In this topology, all the devices are linked to a central hub through a cable. Therefore, data passes through hub before coming to destination. Figure 10 : Star topology Advantages:
- It’s easy to configure, install, and manage.
- It’s easy to identify where errors or performance issues are occurring. Disadvantages:
- If the central hub goes down, the network will fail.
- The cost of installation is high. 2.4 Ring topology. This topology connects all the devices of the network by forming a ring and the flow of data will be in either one direction. Devices in the network have equal access to media. Figure 11 : Ring topology
Advantages:
- It can offer high speed in transmission.
- Decrease the risk of packet collisions.
- it’s easy to identify issues or misconfigurations on the network. Disadvantages:
- Moving or adding a device can affect network.
- It’s less secure.
- the addition of more devices can contribute to overall communication delays. 2.5 Tree topology. This topology is the combination of bus topology and star topology. This topology has a hierarchical flow of data and linked together in a star pattern. Figure 12 : Tree topology Advantages:
- It’s easy to expand the network.
- Troubleshooting errors on the network is also a simple process. Disadvantage:
- When the central hub fail, the various node branches will become disconnected.
- Cabling and hardware’s cost is high. 2.6 Hyprid topology. Hybrid topologies combine two or more different topology structures, so network doesn't have one of the standard forms.
3.2 Bandwidth requirement. Bandwidth is the term used to refer to the amount of data transferred in a given sum of time.Bandwidth is measured in bits per second and is represented as a bitrate (bps). As a result, the faster the data transmission speed, the higher the Bandwidth. Figure 14 : Bandwidth Bandwidth plays an important role in the network, especially when used for VoIP, or WebRTC services. If we use bandwidth with low speed when making calls, we can face voice quality problems or unexpected issues which result in a poor users experience.
Chapter III: the operating principles of networking devices and server types.
1. Network devices. Network devices are hardware devices that are used to connect computers, printers, and other electric devices in 1 or more LANs. Some of network devices are router, switch, hub, gateway, or firewall. 1.1 Router. A router is a device that transmits packet data from one LAN to another LAN if both networks use the same set of protocols. The router's role allows multiple devices in the same network layer to share the Internet.
Figure 15 : Router device Operating principles of router: Routers have a routing table, which is used to store a list of all possible paths in the network. When routers receive IP packets that need to be forwarded to another location on the network, they will look at the packet's destination IP address before searching the routing table for the routing information. Finally, data packets will be sent to the expected destination. 1.2 Switch. The switch is a network device connects other devices to Ethernet networks through cables and forwards data packets to those devices. The switch always maintains a list of network addresses of all the devices connected to it. A switch always has a CAM table for working. Figure 16 : CAM table in a switch
