Download Assignment 1-1619-Grade pass and more Assignments Information Technology in PDF only on Docsity!
ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing
Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure
Submission date Date Received 1st submission
Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission
Student Name Trần Văn Tưởng Student ID GCH
Class GCH1107 Assessor name Ha Trong Thang
Student declaration
I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Student’s signature Tưởng
Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
Summative Feedback: Resubmission Feedback:
Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:
Lecturer Signature:
- Introduction To Networking
- Task 1 - Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards (P1)
- What is the Network?
- Network type
- 2.1. LAN (Local Area Network)
- 2.2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
- 2.3. WAN (Wide Area Network)
- 2.4 WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
- 3.Network Protocol
- 3 .1. Theory about network protocol
- 3.2. Purpose of network protocol
- 3.3. Some common protocols
- List of Standard Organizations
- 4.1. ISO
- 4.2. CCCITT
- 4.3. IEEE
- 4.4. EIA
- 4.5. SCC
- The names of the standards used in networking:
- Task 2 - Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements (P2)
- Define Network Topology
- Kinds of Network Topologies
- 2.1. Physical Topology
- 2.2. Logical Topology
- 2.3 The difference between physical topology and logical topology:
- Some Popular Topologies
- Communication and Bandwidth requirements
- 4.1. Define Network Communication
- 4.2. The Rules in The Network
- 4.3. Bandwidth
- 4.4. why these rules are needed:
- 4.5. Why bandwidth requiremwnt is needed for networks.
- Task 3 - Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types (P3)
- Network devide
- 1.1. Router
- 1.2. Switch
- 1.3. Gateway
- 1.4. Hub
- 1.5. Repeater
- Server Types
- 2.1. Web Server
- 2.2. Mail server
- 2.3. DNS server
- 2.4. DHCP Server
- 2.5. FTP Server
- 2.6. Considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization
- 2.7. Firewall
- Task 4 - Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software (P4) - The meaning of interdependence:
- Give examples of interdependence
- Define workstation hardware and networking software
- 2.1. Workstation hardware
- 2.2. Networking Software
- Explain the interdependence of the two and give example.
- Conclusion
- References
- Figure 1:Network
- Figure 2:Local Area Network
- Figure 3:Metropolitan Area Network
- Figure 4:Wide Area Network
- Figure 5:Wireless Local Area Network
- Figure 6: Network protocol
- Figure 7:TCP/IP
- Figure 8: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- Figure 9:Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- Figure 10: Domain Name System (DNS)
- Figure 11:ICMP
- Figure 12: Network Standards Organizations
- Figure 13: Example of Network Topology
- Figure 14: Physical Topology
- Figure 15:Logical Topology
- Figure 16:Bus Topology
- Figure 17: Mesh Topology
- Figure 18: Star Topology.............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 19: Ring Topology
- Figure 20: Tree Topology............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 21: Hybrid Topology........................................................................................................................................
- Figure 22:Message Encoding between hosts
- Figure 23: Message Formatting and Encapsulation
- Figure 24: Message Size..............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 25: Massage Delivery Options
- Figure 26:Router..........................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 27:Switch
- Figure 28:Gateway
- Figure 29: Hub.............................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 30: Repeater
- Figure 31:Wed server
- Figure 32:Mail server
- Figure 33:DNS sever
- Figure 34:DHCP Server
- Figure 35:FTP Server
- Figure 36:Firewall
- Figure 37: Computer anatomy
- Figure 38: CPU............................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 39:RAM
- Figure 40:ROM
2. Network type
2.1. LAN (Local Area Network)
Computers can link to one another through a sort of network called a local area network (LAN) in order to
collaborate and share data (Be it in a building or a company). This link is established wirelessly. It can
only be utilized in a small area, such offices or schools, because to the limited range of LAN cables or
wireless connections (Roomi, 2020).
Figure 2 :Local Area Network
+ Easily share resources: In a local area network, it is simple to share hardware resources like
hard disks, DVD drives, printers, and licensed software. Example: Rather than purchasing
additional printers, all computers on a LAN can connect to the printer through a middle
computer, allowing all computers to share the printer. With regard to software, LAN computers
can access the software through a computer that distributes the rights to other LAN users
(Roomi, 2020).
+ Convenient Communication: Users can conveniently exchange messages and data using
LAN technology. Since the information is stored on the server, LAN users can access it
whenever they choose. Each and every LAN user has access to do that with other network
users. Each machine in the LAN is given a MAC address for user identification. With regard to
transmitting and receiving data, this address will be utilized as usual. Consequently, this not
only saves a lot of money,
+ Centralized Data: All LAN users' data is stored on a single server, as was already mentioned.
Normally, no workstation on a specific network has access to this data. Users can also access
their own knowledge by logging into their individual accounts (Roomi, 2020).
+ Improved Security: Data saved on an area server is frequently guaranteed to be secure. All
LAN users can access them if the information on the server is updated. Additionally, in order
to enforce extra security measures, the host has the power to accept or reject users on a specific
network (Roomi, 2020).
+ Internet Sharing: The opportunity for LAN users to share an internet connection exists. All of
the linked computers share the internet from a single online PC. Offices and Internet cafes
frequently have this type of infrastructure (Roomi, 2020).
+ Implementation cost: Although LAN greatly reduces costs by sharing resources, the initial
cost of repairing the network is somewhat expensive. This is frequently due to the requirement
for specialized software needed to create a server. For the initial setup, purchasing hardware
devices like routers, hubs, switches, and cables is also necessary (Roomi, 2020).
+ Security: Programs and other types of data can be accessed rather easily because all the
information from the connected machines is kept on a centralized server, maintaining the
network's security. This is frequently overlooked and causes a significant issue in LANs.
additionally. If one of the associated computers has an epidemic, the system as a whole is
frequently quickly assaulted by an epidemic (Roomi, 2020).
+ Maintenance: Hardware issues and system breakdowns are frequent occurrences on LANs. In
order to look at these difficulties, a special administrator is needed. Administrators must be
well-versed in the network business and desire a full-time position (Roomi, 2020).
+ Coverage area: LANs are often developed to conceal a short distance (about 10km). Most
likely, it was used in cramped spaces like offices and classrooms. This is due to the fact that the
LAN requires network cabling, which raises the cost and makes it challenging to manage the
connection system if the user is too far from the server location (Roomi, 2020).
+ Server problems: All attached PCs are managed by the central server that is part of the LAN
architecture. In the unlikely event that the server makes a mistake, all connected computers are
likewise impacted. For instance, if the system crashes, PCs on the LAN won't be prepared to
access the information on the server (Roomi, 2020).
+ Security: Compared to the LAN, the likelihood of a hacker assault on the MAN network is
very high. The information is therefore frequently vulnerable to attackers. An adequately
trained and securely outfitted workforce is necessary for data security (Roomi, 2020).
+ Technical Assistance: It takes a skilled expert to install the individual without any mistakes.
Administrators and troubleshooters on the network should be contacted for technical
assistance. Overall, this will raise installation expenses (Roomi, 2020).
+ Wire requirements: MAN requires more wiring for its operations than LAN and WAN do.
This is frequently made possible by the connecting of the two LANs. There will even be
greater network overhead when additional lines are required (Roomi, 2020).
+ Internet Speed: MAN requires a pricey fiber optic cable to function. It is incompatible with
the common copper wire used for phones. However, customers would experience extremely
poor internet rates if MAN is installed (Roomi, 2020).
2.3. WAN (Wide Area Network)
A WAN is a more complex network than a LAN. A WAN connects computers that are separated by
physical distances. This allows computers and low-voltage devices to communicate even when they
are separated by large distances by connecting them through a single large network. The Internet is the
most basic example of WAN. Because the WAN covers a large area, it is owned by multiple
administrators or the general public
Figure 4 :Wide Area Network
+ Consolidates IT infrastructure: This is usually regarded as the WAN's most positive
contribution. A WAN reduces the need for email and file servers in each office building. As an
alternative, you'll simply need to set one up at the data center for your business. The efficiency
of server management is also increased by attempting to build up a WAN, since you won't have
to manage, administrate, backup, or physically secure numerous servers.
+ A relatively large geographical area is encompassed: WAN covers a vast area of at least
1000 km in size. If your office locations are in completely different towns or countries, you can
also use WAN to connect the two locations directly. Leased lines from ISPs (internet service
providers) may be available and used to connect numerous branch offices.
+ Accessing of programs and facilities: Similar to a LAN, a WAN allows several internet users
to exchange software applications and other resources like a hard drive and RAM. WAN
divides up system resources among numerous web hosting sites.
+ International commerce: With the advent of the internet, anyone with a computer may now
conduct business and advance their enterprise. A shopping cart, equity investments, and stock
purchases are just a few examples of the many different types of businesses.
+ Eradicates any Necessity for ISDN: By reducing the need to purchase expensive ISDN lines
for phone talks, WANs can save money. Alternately, you may let your WAN handle them.
+ Increased bandwidth: You receive a lot more bandwidth with leased lines for your business
than you would with a regular broadband connection. Your ability to move data quickly could
greatly improve the efficiency of your firm.
+ Substantial installation charges: WANs are generally difficult and expensive to set up
because they are difficult to understand. A WAN's width increases with how much it costs to
install it. One rationale for the astronomical setup costs is the fundamental need to connect
remote rural populations. Utilizing public networks, however, allowed you to build up a WAN
using only software (SD-WAN), reducing the overall setup costs.
+ Additional expenses: For fundamental administration of such large systems, local surveillance
is wholly insufficient. As a result, certain businesses, such as mobile operators, may try to set
up a NOC and invest additional funds in a GUI-based central monitoring platform for
management and upkeep. To keep it running well, a sizable personnel force and money are
required.
+ Firewall and antivirus software are required: The machine has to have a firewall installed
since dangerous hackers can intercept and alter data sent over the internet. Since some people
may try to put malware on a device, antivirus software must to be installed. Multiple WAN
ports must also be equipped with additional antivirus software.
+ Fixing troubles: The WAN spans far too many domains, making it extremely difficult to
resolve problems. The majority of WAN lines are submerged in the ocean, and cables
occasionally break. It takes a lot of materials to repair wires underwater. An extensive expert
+ If there are any building or trees then still wireless connection works
- WLAN requires license
- It has a limited area to cover
- Government agencies can limit the signals of WLAN if required. This can affect data transfer from connected devices to the internet
- If the number of connected devices increases then data transfer rate decreases
- WLAN uses radio frequency which can interfere with other devices which use radio frequency
- If there is rain or thunder then communication may interfere
- Attackers can get access to the transmitted data because wireless LAN has low data security
- Signals may be affected by the environment as compared to using fiber optics
- The radiation of WLAN can be harmful to the environment
- As WLAN uses access points and access points are expensive than wires and hubs
- Access points can get signals of nearest access points
- It is required to change the network card and access point when standard changes
- LAN cable is still required which acts as the backbone of the WLAN
- Low data transfer rate than wired connection because WLAN uses radio frequency
- Chances of errors are high
- Communication is not secure and can be accessed by unauthorized users 3.Network Protocol
3.1. Theory about network protocol
A set of guidelines, customs, and data formats known as a network protocol may control how devices
communicate data over networks. In other words, network protocols are frequently viewed as a language
that two devices, regardless of their architecture and design differences, must be able to understand in
order to communicate effectively (Anon., n.d.).
Figure 6 : Network protocol
3.2. Purpose of network protocol
Purpose: Network protocols are essential to modern digital communications because they make it possible to communicate with people anywhere in the globe.
3.3. Some common protocols
TCP/IP may be a group of connected protocols. Internet Protocol (IP) is used for routing at Layer 3. TCP
and UDP cooperate at Layer 4, giving you stateless and stateless choices. ICMP is a member of the current
protocol family, although it only functions as a diagnostic tool and does not transmit data. This stack is
used by most networks. Knowing is essential so you can choose the right protocol to utilize when
troubleshooting. Although ICMP is excellent for testing latency, there are situations when you must utilize
UDP-based tools since ICMP may be banned. UDP may be better for latency in tests of bandwidth and
latency, while TCP excels in tests of overall bandwidth (Anon., 2020).
Figure 7 :TCP/IP
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Applications may use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is an upper layer protocol. Due
to its widespread usage, this is frequently essential. It's known to be used by web sockets and VPN
tunnels in addition to webpages and web services. Understanding HTTP is useful because it is
currently used by the majority of internet services. Understanding HTTP is frequently useful if there
are performance problems or difficulties. This is frequently true, particularly when you want to use the
browser debugger to help you locate the mistake. The browser may not display HTTP error codes in
some cases because they are buried or hidden inside the HTTP results, but they are still present
(Anon., 2020).
Since IP addresses are written in numerical form, humans have difficulty reading or remembering them.
These IP addresses could be translated into human-readable hostnames through a hierarchy called DNS.
Cache poisoning is the most prevalent vulnerability in the DNS. Here, the attacker uses a false IP address
to direct viewers to nefarious websites. A DNS server can also be used for DNS amplification by enabling
recursive lookups and exploiting recursion to increase the attack's scope (Vanigupta, 2020).
Figure 10 : Domain Name System (DNS)
ICMP offers both network diagnostics and problem reporting. When a host transmits a host on behalf of
another client and the receiving host responds with an ICMP ECHO REPLY, the ICMP ECHO request is
sent. Additionally, ICMP offers some network assistance to routers. All network clients are prompted to
slow down their data requests when a router is overloaded with route requests via a source quench
message.
Figure 11 :ICMP
4. List of Standard Organizations
4.1. ISO
The international organization for standardization is known as ISO. It develops a set of guidelines and
standards for visual representation, document interchange, electronic communication, etc.
4.2. CCCITT
We now have CCITT as a representative body. suggested set of guidelines and specifications for telephone
and telegraph communications by the CCITT.
4.3. IEEE
The professional association for electrical, computer, and communication engineering supports it. It offers
different sets of guidelines and standards for the communication and networking industry.
4.4. EIA
This group develops and suggests industry standards. For data and telecommunications, the EIA has
produced a number of RS Standards (Recommended Standards).
4 .5. SCC
It is a politician from Canada's Standard Agency. Similar duties to those of ANSI are involved.
5. The names of the standards used in networking: - Application layer − HTTP, HTML, POP, H.323, IMAP. - Transport layer − TCP, SPX. - Network layer −IP, IPX. - Data link layer − Ethernet IEEE 802.3, X.25, Frame Relay. - Physical layer −RS-232C (cable), V.92 (modem). Figure 12 : Network Standards Organizations
consequently, their separation from one another. Devices are frequently connected in a linear fashion
through a bus or organized to form a hoop (Ring Topology) (Anon., 2020).
Figure 14 : Physical Topology
2.2. Logical Topology
The configuration of the devices and their communication are reflected in the logical topology (overlay). It
involves the transfer of data over a physical topology. It doesn't depend on the topology or how the nodes
are arranged. It addresses the subtle aspects of the network, such as the kind and caliber of devices
(switches, routers) chosen, which have an impact on the rate and speed at which data packets are
transmitted. Optimal flow control is ensured by logical topology and can be modified inside the network.
Data can travel within the type of a circle known as a Logical Circle or during a linear form called a
Logical Bus (Anon., 2020).
Figure 15 :Logical Topology
2 .3 The difference between physical topology and logical topology:
Physical Topology (^) Logical Topology Depicts physical layout of network. Depicts logistics of network concerned with transmission of data. The layout can be modified based on needs. There is no interference and manipulation involved here. It can be arranged in star, ring, mesh and bus topologies. It exists in bus and ring topologies. This has major impact on cost, scalability on selection and availability of devices. This has major impact on speed and and ordered delivery of data packets. It is actual route concerned with transmission. It is a high level representation of data flow Physical connection of the network. Data path followed of the network.
3. Some Popular Topologies
A network's logical and physical network topologies aren't always the same. In both physical and logical
topology, there are five typical network topology models (S, n.d.):
a) Bus Topology: All of the gadgets are successively connected to a similar backbone or cable.
While this topology is frequently simple and inexpensive, there is a risk due to its single point of
failure (S, n.d.).
Figure 16 :Bus Topology
- Advantages: Easy installation because just one wire arrangement is needed makes it simple
to set up. Cost-effective, no additional network equipment like a hub or switch is required,
and nodes are linked to the cable directly. Prevent network failure so that other nodes are
not harmed in the event of a single node failure.
- Disadvantages: For large networks, bus topology is not the best option. Due to the single
configuration, complex troubleshooting makes identifying error nodes challenging. Multiple
