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BASIC ELECTRONICS

2110016 I LAB MANUAL

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

B E

Shree Swaminarayan Institute of Technology

Bhat (Gandhinagar)

LAB MANUAL

BASIC ELECTRONICS

(SUBJECT CODE: 2110016)

_____________________

(Enrollment Number)

_________________________________________________

(Name of Student)

SEMESTER II

ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT

SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN YEAR 2014

Shree Swaminarayan Institute of Technology

Bhat (Gandhinagar)

Continuous Assessment Sheet

STUDENT NAME:

___________________________________________________________

ENROLLMENT NO:

_________________

BRANCH:

____________________________

SEMESTER: 2nd^ SUBJECT: Basic Electronics

INDEX

Sr.

No.

Details of Work

Max.

Marks

Marks

Obtained

Sign. & Date

1 Experiment 01 6

2 Experiment 02 6

3 Experiment 03 6

4 Experiment 04 6

5 Experiment 05 6

6 Experiment 06 6

7 Experiment 07 6

8 Experiment 08 6

9 Experiment 09 6

10 Experiment 10 6

Total^60

Date of Submission:

Index

Exp Date Title Page Sign

To study the lab equipment: Cathode Ray

Oscilloscope, Multimeter, Function generator

and Power supply.

To perform Kirchhoff’s voltage & current

law.

3 To study and verify Thevenin‘s theorem.

4 To study and verify Norton‘s theorem.

Simulate Half-Wave and Full-wave Rectifier

circuits using Multisim simulator.

To Study and simulate Inverting and Non-

inverting configurations of op-amp using

multisim.

To study and simulate Amplitude modulation

and demodulation signal processing

functions using Multisim.

To study and simulate ASK modulation and

demodulation using Multisim.

9 To study various applications of Op-amp.

To Study and design Low-pass and High-pass

filters using multisim

The screen of this oscilloscope has 8 squares or divisions on the vertical axis, and 10 squares or divisions on the horizontal axis. Usually, these squares are 1 cm in each direction.

Many of the controls of the oscilloscope allow us to change the vertical or horizontal scales of the V / t graph, so that you can display a clear picture of the signal you want to investigate. 'Dual trace' oscilloscopes display two V / t graphs at the same time, so that simultaneous signals from different parts of an electronic system can be compared.

Setting up

1. Someone else may have been twiddling knobs and pressing buttons before you. Before you switch the oscilloscope on, check that all the controls are in their 'normal' positions. this means that: -All push button switches are in the OUT position -All slide switches are in the UP position -All rotating controls are CENTRED -The central TIME/DIV and VOLTS/DIV and the HOLD OFF controls are in the calibrated, or CAL position -Check through all the controls and put them in normal positions.
2. Set both VOLTS/DIV controls to 1 V/DIV and the TIME/DIV control to 2 s/DIV, its slowest setting.
3. Switch ON, red button, top center.

The green LED illuminates and, after a few moments, you should see a small bright spot, or trace , moving fairly slowly across the screen.

4. Find the Y-POS 1 control.

What happens when you twiddle this?

The Y-POS 1 allows you to move the spot up and down the screen. For the present, adjust the trace so that it runs horizontally across the centre of the screen.

5. Now investigate the INTENSITY and FOCUS controls.

When these are correctly set, the spot will be reasonably bright but not glaring, and as sharply focused as possible. (The TR control is screwdriver adjusted. It is only needed if the spot moves at an angle rather than horizontally across the screen with no signal connected.)

6. The TIME/DIV control determines the horizontal scale of the graph which appears on the oscilloscope screen.

ENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)

With 10 squares across the screen and the spot moving at 0.2 s/DIV, how long does it take for the spot to cross the screen? The answer is 0.2 x 10 = 2 s. Count seconds. Does the spot take 2 seconds to cross the screen?

Now rotate the TIME/DIV control clockwise.

With the spot moving at 0.1 s/DIV, it will take 1 second to cross the screen.

Continue to rotate TIME/DIV clockwise. With each new setting, the spot moves faster. At around 10 ms/DIV, the spot is no longer separately visible. Instead, there is a bright line across the screen. This happens because the screen remains bright for a short time after the spot has passed, an effect which is known as the persistence of the screen. It is useful to think of the spot as still there, just moving too fast to be seen.

Keep rotating TIME/DIV. At faster settings, the line becomes fainter because the spot is moving very quickly indeed. At a setting of 10 μs/DIV how long does it take for the spot to cross the screen?

7. The VOLTS/DIV controls determine the vertical scale of the graph drawn on the oscilloscope screen.

Check that VOLTS/DIV 1 is set at 1 V/DIV and that the adjacent controls are set correctly.

FUNCTION GENERATOR:

A function generator is a piece of electronic test equipment that is used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive, or single-shot in which case some kind of triggering source is required (internal or external).

Another type of function generator is a sub-system that provides an output proportional to some mathematical function of its input; for example, the output may be proportional to the square root of the input. Such devices are used in feedback control systems and in analog computers.

Analog function generators usually generate a triangle waveform as the basis for all of its other outputs. The triangle is generated by repeatedly charging and discharging a capacitor from a constant current source. This produces a linearly ascending or descending voltage ramp. As the output voltage reaches upper and lower limits, the charging and discharging is reversed using a comparator, producing the linear triangle wave. By varying the current and the size of the capacitor, different frequencies may be obtained.

A 50% duty cycle square wave is easily obtained by noting whether the capacitor is being charged or discharged, which is reflected in the current switching comparator's output. Most function generators also contain a non-linear diode shaping circuit that can convert the triangle wave into a reasonably accurate sine wave. It does so by rounding off the hard corners of the triangle wave in a process similar to clipping in audio systems.

The type of output connector from the device depends on the frequency range of the generator. AENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)

MULTIMETER:

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. There are two categories of multimeters, analog multimeters and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.)

A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.

Figure 1.4 digital multimeter

Quantities measured

Contemporary multimeters can measure many quantities. The common ones are:  Voltage in volts.

 Current in amperes.  Resistance in ohms.  Additionally, multimeters may also measure:  Capacitance in farads.  Frequency in hertz  Duty cycle as a percentage.  Temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.  Conductance in siemens.  Inductance in henrys  Digital multimeters may also include circuits for:  Continuity that beeps when a circuit conducts.  Diodes and Transistors

ENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)

POWER SUPPLY :

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

Electrical power supplies

This term covers the power distribution system together with any other primary or secondary sources of energy such as: Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage. This typically involves converting 120 or 240 volt AC supplied by a utility company (see electricity generation) to a well-regulated lower voltage DC for electronic devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are commonly integrated with the devices they supply, such as computers and household electronics. For other examples, see switched-mode power supply, linear regulator, rectifier and inverter (electrical).

Batteries

Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems

Solar power

Generators or alternators (particularly useful in vehicles of all shapes and sizes, where the engine has torque to spare, or in semi-portable units containing an internal combustion engine and a generator)

Constraints that commonly affect power supplies are the amount of power they can supply, how long they can supply it without needing some kind of refueling or recharging, how stable their output voltage or current is under varying load conditions, and whether they provide continuous power or pulses.

The regulation of power supplies is done by incorporating circuitry to tightly control the output voltage and/or current of the power supply to a specific value. The specific value is closely maintained despite variations in the load presented to the power supply's output, or any reasonable voltage variation at the power supply's input. This kind of regulation is commonly categorized as a Stabilized power supply.

Power supply types:

Power supplies for electronic devices can be broadly divided into linear and switching power supplies. The linear supply is a relatively simple design that becomes increasingly bulky and heavy for high current devices; voltage regulation in a linear supply can result in low efficiency. A switched-mode supply of the same rating as a linear supply will be smaller, is usually more efficient, but will be more complex.

ENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)

Uninterruptible power supply

An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) takes its power from two or more sources simultaneously. It is usually powered directly from the AC mains, while simultaneously charging a storage battery. Should there be a dropout or failure of the mains, the battery instantly takes over so that the load never experiences an interruption. Such a scheme can supply power as long as the battery charge suffices, e.g., in a computer installation, giving the operator sufficient time to effect an orderly system shutdown without loss of data. Other UPS schemes may use an internal combustion engine or turbine to continuously supply power to a system in parallel with power coming from the AC mains. The engine-driven generators would normally be idling, but could come to full power in a matter of a few seconds in order to keep vital equipment running without interruption. Such a scheme might be found in hospitals or telephone central offices.

ENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)

Experiment-

Date:

Aim: To perform Kirchoffs voltage & current law.

Apparatus: Regulated Power supply (RPS), Resistors, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Breadboard and

wires.

Theory:

Kirchoffs circuit law

 We saw in the Resistors tutorial that a single equivalent resistance, ( RT ) can be found when

two or more resistors are connected together in either series, parallel or combinations of both, and that these circuits obey Ohm's Law. However, sometimes in complex circuits such as bridge or T networks, we can not simply use Ohm's Law alone to find the voltages or currents circulating within the circuit. For these types of calculations we need certain rules which allow us to obtain the circuit equations and for this we can use Kirchoffs Circuit Law.

 In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchoff developed a pair or set of rules or laws which

deal with the conservation of current and energy within electrical circuits. The rules are commonly known as: Kirchoffs Circuit Laws with one of these laws dealing with current flow around a closed circuit, Kirchoffs Current Law, (KCL) and the other which deals with the voltage around a closed circuit, Kirchoffs Voltage Law, (KVL).

Kirchoffs First Law - The Current Law, (KCL)

 Kirchoffs Current Law: or KCL, states that the " total current or charge entering a junction

or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the node ". In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving a node must be equal to zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This idea by Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Charge.

 Kirchoff’s Current Law

Figure 2.1 KCL

ENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)

will not be equal to zero. We can use voltage law when analyzing series circuits.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

KCL:

KVL:

ENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)

Conclusion

ENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)

VTH = I.RTH

This is called Thevenin‘s voltage.

3. Now calculate RTH=R1 R2 /R 1+ R 2. This is called Thevenin‘s re s ist anc e.

4. Calculate IL= VTH/(RL+RTH). 5. VTH= E R2/R1+R.

Observation Table:

Sr. No. APPLIED VOLTAGE (volts)

VTH (volts) Theo.

VTH (volts) Pract.

RTH (Ohms)

IL (mA) Pract.

IL (mA) Theo.

Conclusion:

ENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)

Experiment-

Date:

Aim: To study and verify Norton ‘s theorem.

Apparatus : DC network kit and connecting leads.

Theory : Norton‘s theorem replaces the electrical network by an equivalent constant current source and a parallel resistance. Norton‘s equivalent resistance RN=R1R2/R1+R2 Actual load current in the circuit IL1 Theoretical load current IL2=ISCRN/(RN+RL), ISC is the short circuit current.

Circuit diagram:

Figure 4.

ENGINEERING SCIENCE & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT SHREE SWAMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY – BHAT (GANDHINAGAR)