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Biological Classification Since the dawn of ivilization, there have been many attenps to | classify Living organisms. | N) RH WHITTAKER Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification. In Linnaeus time a two kingdom system of classification with plantae and danimalis kindoms w developed that included all plants and animals 2 H Whittaker (1969 ) proposed a five kingdom classification. Those were Monera Protista. Funai, Plantae, Animalia Split Line Split Line Characteristics of the five kingdom Six kingdoms we will study Kindom Monera Kingdom Prostista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Virusus, Viriods, Prions and Lichens opie Line Bacteria of different Shapes Badke bacteria are special sonce they Live in some « the most harsh habitats such as exteme salty area: (halophiles), hot springs (thermodcidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens ). | _ They have different wall structure to withstand a conditions. Biistncnobets are present in the gut of several ruminant animals like cows and buffaloes and they responsible for production of methane ( biogas ) fr the dung of these animals a ACE Scanner 2purt LINe Cytoplasm Cell wall Ribosomes Flagella Archaea were only shown to be a separate domain— through analysis of their RNA —in 1977. Many... Figure 2.2 A filamentous blue-green algae — Nostoc tla ACE Scanner to Kingdom Protista LL single celled eukaryotes are placed under protista. Members of Protista are primarly aquatic. is kingdom forms a link with the others dea ith plants and animals. @ protistan cell body contains a well define ucleus and other memberane bound organell ome have flagella or cilia. Protists reproduce sexually and asexually by process involiving cell fusion and zygote EUKARYOTIC CELL opuUt UNG Dinoflagellates These are mostly marine amd photosynthetic. They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or re depending on the pugment present in their ca Cell have stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface. Most of them have two flagella Very often, red dinoflagellates (eg. Gonyaula undergo such rapid multiplication that they make the sed appedr red. Toxins released by such large numbers may ev kill other marine animals such as fishes. Gienodinium Euglenoids Majority of them are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water. instead of cell water they have a protien rick layer called pellicle wich makes their body flexible. They have teo flagella, one Long dnd Short. Though photosynthetic, in absence of Light yhey act like hetrotrophes by predating on smaller organisms. They pigmemt of euglenoids are identical to those present in higher plants. eg Euglena. tla ACE Scanner put Line Protozoans ALL protozoans are hetrotrophes and live as predators or parasites. They are believed to be primitive relatives of animals. There are four major groups of protozodns:-_ Amoeboid Protozodns: These organisms Live in fresh water, sea, or moist soil. They move and capture theor prey by putting out pseudopodia. Marine forms have silica shells on yheir sirface. e9: Entamoeba, parasites. Flagellated Protozoans They are either free living or parasitic. They have flagella. The padrasotic form cause sleeping sickness, e9g- Trypanosoma a ACE Scanner opurt Line Ciliated protozoans These are aquatic, actively moving bez pf thousands of thousands of cilia. They have cavity (gullet) that open to the outside of th cell surfacsem. eg Paramoecium Sporozoans They include doverse organisms that have an infection Spore Like stage in their Life cycle. Plasmodium which cause malaria. o © @ s | Ed = ® i Odes Agaricus Snlit | ine Mucor Phycomycetes Members are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places. The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic. Asexual reproduction takes places by zoospores or by aplonospores. These Spores are endogenously produced in Spordangium. These gametes are similar in morphology or disimilar. eg- Rhizopus, mucor, Albugo etc. Split Line Basidiomycetes Commonly known forms are mushrooms. They grow in Soil, on Logs, and tree stumps and plant bodies as parasites. eg rusts and smuts. The adexual spores are not generally not found. but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common. The sex organs are absent. some Common members are Agaricus, Ustilago and puccinia. Split Line Deuteromycetes Commonoly known as imperfect fungi they were moved into classes they rightly belong to. they Lack a known sexual reproductive stage in their life cycle. Unlike other fungal groups that have both asexual and sexual phases, deuteromycetes reproduce only through asexual means, Like conidia. The term “imperfect” reflects the incomplete understanding of their life cycle, particularly the absence of a sexual phase that is used to classify other fungi. eg- Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma, etc, tla ACE Scanner 
