CHAPTER 1-6 MICROBIOLOGY TEST QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY SOLVED ANSWERS., Exams of Microbiology

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MICROBIOLOGY: CHAPTER 1-

TEST QUESTIONS WITH

CORRECTLY SOLVED ANSWERS.

Microorganisms - Correct Answer-are entities that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Examples of Microbes - Correct Answer-Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Fungi, Algae, and Larvae of Helminths Pathogenic Microbes - Correct Answer-cause disease. Microorganisms are Beneficial - Correct Answer-They: Decompose Waste Are producers of oxygen by photosynthesis Provide a food source for many other organisms Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese and bread Produce antibiotics and vaccines Microorganisms are Beneficial by - Correct Answer-Producing industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol, acetone, and enzymes used in cleaners. Linnaeus - Correct Answer-established the system of scientific nomenclature. Genus and Species - Correct Answer-Two names of any organism. Serotypes - Correct Answer-Most bacterial species contain subspecies or what which are variations within a species. Three Domains - Correct Answer-Eubacteria Archaea Eukaryotes Bacteria - Correct Answer-Prokaryotes Unicellular

Peptidoglycan is found in their cell wall Reproduce by binary fission Extremely diverse What do bacteria do for energy? - Correct Answer-For energy, bacteria may use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis depending on species. Archaea - Correct Answer-Prokaryotes similar to bacteria Unicellular Lack peptidoglycan Usually live in extreme environments Have not changed structure and physiology for centuries Fungi - Correct Answer-Eukaryotes Chitin in cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy (not photosynthetic) Larger than bacteria, some reproduce sexually Many produce reproductive structures like mushrooms and sporangia. Protozoa - Correct Answer-Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals Very few species are photosynthetic Some are serious parasites in humans Mostly unicellular and motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Algae - Correct Answer-Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls Unicellular and Multicellular forms usually found in aquatic systems Use photosynthesis for energy Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds Are a food source for many organisms Viruses - Correct Answer-Acellular (non-living) Consist of DNA or RNA core Obligate intracellular parasites When are viruses replicated? - Correct Answer-Viruses are only replicated when they are in a living host cell

Helminths - Correct Answer-Eukaryotes Multicellular animals; most are not parasitic When were the first microbes observed? - Correct Answer-1600s Robert Hooke - Correct Answer-1665; reported that living things were composed of cells. Cell Theory - Correct Answer-all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells. Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek - Correct Answer-1673; observed and described living microorganisms. He observed teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions. Louis Pasteur - Correct Answer-"Father of Microbiology" 1861; he demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air with his S- shaped flask Disproved spontaneous generation Pasteurization - Correct Answer-Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. Ignaz Semmelwise - Correct Answer-1840s; advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another. Joseph Lister - Correct Answer-1860s; used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections. Robert Koch - Correct Answer-1876; provided proof that a bacterium, (Bacillus anthracis) causes Anthrax and developed his own postulates. Koch Postulates - Correct Answer-used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. Edward Jenner - Correct Answer-noticed that milkmaids never contracted smallpox, he believed due to their exposure to cowpox. 1796; he inoculated a person with cowpox virus to protect them from smallpox virus.

Antibiotics - Correct Answer-chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. Paul Ehrlich - Correct Answer-1910; developed and synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis. Sulfonamides - Correct Answer-1930s; were synthesized and are commonly prescribed as sulfa-drugs Alexander Fleming - Correct Answer-1928; discovered the first antibiotic on accident; penicillin. Biotechnology - Correct Answer-is the use of microbes to produce food and chemicals Genetic Engineering - Correct Answer-through this, bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes. Gene Therapy - Correct Answer-missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced by this. Genetically Modified Bacteria - Correct Answer-are used to protect crops from insects and freezing. Resistance - Correct Answer-the ability of the body to ward off disease. Zaccharias Janseen - Correct Answer-is credited with making the first compound microscope in the 17th century. Joseph Listers Father - Correct Answer-made the first one capable of viewing microbes in the mid-19th century. Compound Microscope - Correct Answer-the image from the objective lens is modified again by an ocular lens. Illuminator - Correct Answer-Light source Condenser - Correct Answer-lenses that direct light rays through the specimen.

Resolution - Correct Answer-the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points and fine detail and structure. Refractive Index - Correct Answer-is a measure of the light-bending ability of a medium. Immersion Oil - Correct Answer-is used to keep light from bending. Brightfield Illumination - Correct Answer-Dark objects are visible against a bright background Most small specimens are killed and stained with colored dyes. Some larger and motile specimens may be viewed. Darkfield Illumination - Correct Answer-Light objects are visible against a dark background Used to examine living or unstained organisms suspended in liquid. Smear - Correct Answer-a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide Chromophore - Correct Answer-dye that carries a charged particle Mesophiles - Correct Answer-25-40 degrees Celsius Thermophiles - Correct Answer-70-80 degrees Celsius Psychrophiles - Correct Answer-15 degrees Celsius Psychrotrophs - Correct Answer-22 degrees Celsius Carbon - Correct Answer-is required by all organisms to form structural organic molecules and as an energy source. Nitrogen - Correct Answer-is a limiting factor in many ecosystems and is found in amino acids and proteins Sulfur - Correct Answer-is found in amino acids, thiamine, and biotin. Phosphorus - Correct Answer-is found in DNA, RNA, ATP, and membranes.

Oxygen - Correct Answer-is utilized by obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes Obligate Anaerobes - Correct Answer-need the absence of O2; many are killed by it. Facultative Anaerobes - Correct Answer-can also grow without oxygen (many are fermenters) Microaerophiles - Correct Answer-require strict limited amounts of O2 to survive. Reproducing Media - Correct Answer-contain chemicals that combine O2. Culture Media - Correct Answer-nutrients prepared for microbial growth. Sterile - Correct Answer-no living microbes Inoculum - Correct Answer-introduction of microbes into medium Culture - Correct Answer-microbes growing in or on culture medium