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Enlightened Absolutism
Aform of absolute monarchy or despotism inspired by the Enlightenment. Rulers incorporate enlightened ideas, natural laws, enforce laws fairly, and reform society TERM 2
Naturals Rights of
Man
DEFINITION 2 Rights every person holds that cannot be taken away and include:-Equality before the law-Freedom of religion-Freedom of speech-Freedom of press-Right to hold property-Right to assemble-Right to pursue happiness TERM 3
Louis XV
DEFINITION 3 1710 - 1774-Lazy and weak-Let ministers and mistresses influence him and control state affairs-Madame Pompadour- mistress, charmed Louis, gained wealth and power; made government decisions and gave advice-Increase of tax, public debt, and hunger TERM 4
Louis XVI
DEFINITION 4 1774-1792-Grandson of Louis XV-Had little knowledge on operating the French government-Did not deal decisively with state affairs-Neither he nor Marie Antoinette could control financial crisis leading to a revolution TERM 5
Pocket Boroughs
DEFINITION 5 -Many pieces of small lands or boroughs that are controlled by one person-Can be supported through patronage and bribery.
Hanoverian Dynasty
The Hanover dynasty was established in 1714, after Queen Anne of the Stuarts died without an heir. Ministers gained power. George I and George II were not very familiar with the British system of politics and the first Hanoverian king did not speak English, the prime ministers had the primary control over England. George III took over from Pitt in 1761. He was determined to strengthen the monarchy's authority and obtain all patronage power. This absolute control was countered by the growing number of newspapers spreading Enlightenment ideas to more readers; these people wanted to reform patronage , and the Parliamentary electoral system. TERM 7
George III of England
DEFINITION 7 King of England during American RevolutionRelied on chief ministersWished to keep the Americans as a loyal colonyInstituted many taxes on colonists to boos revenue for EnglandConsidered stupidDetermined to strengthen monarchical power TERM 8
Ministerial Power in England
DEFINITION 8 King chose ministers to guide ParliamentParliament could levy taxes, make laws, pass the budget, and indirectly influence the king' minister. TERM 9
American Revolution
DEFINITION 9 American colonists were unhappy with the British system, rebelled and separated TERM 10
Decline of Dutch Republic
DEFINITION 10 Economically started to loose powerOligarchs (regents who sought to reduce power of Orangists)- dominated local and national political affairsvs. house of Orange- head of executive branch Divided when Patriots wanted democratic reforms; were crushed by Prussian king troopsOld system reestablished
Instructions
Written by Catherine the Great Questioned the institution of serfdom, torture, capital punishment, and equality before the law TERM 17
Charter of the Nobility
DEFINITION 17 Established in 1785Formalized rights of the gentry: -Right to trial by peers-No personal taxation-No capital punishment TERM 18
Emelyan Pugachev
DEFINITION 18 A pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II.Issued a manifesto in July, which freed all peasants from oppressive taxes and military serviceEncouraged peasants to steal landlord's estateCaptured, tortured, and executed- end of rebellionCaused more oppression for peasants TERM 19
The Partition of Poland
DEFINITION 19 Polish nobles placed restrictions on Polish kingRussia, Austria, and Prussia divided Poland into equal territories. Poland lost 30% of land and 50% of population in 1772Austria gained Galicia, Russia a large slice in eastern Poland, Prussia west Prussia TERM 20
War of Austrian Succession
DEFINITION 20 Started in December of 1740 when Frederick II seized the Austrian province of Silesia, violating the Pragmatic Sanction. Silesia was very important because it had a lot of iron. France decided to help Prussia (their traditional enemy), drawing Great Britain into the war as well. This French-Britain conflict expanded beyond Europe into the New World. The war ended in a stalemate in 1748 with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Pragmatic Sanction
The Pragmatic Sanction was negotiated by Habsburg emperor Charles VI; he thought that since his daughter Maria Theresa was a woman, she would not be respected. The Pragmatic sanction was negotiated in order for different European powers to agree to recognize Maria Theresa as his legal heir. TERM 22
Seven Years' War
DEFINITION 22 1756-1763Maria Theresa did not accept the loss of Silesia Rebuilt her army, worked with Count Wenzel Von Kaunitz to separate Prussia from France. Britain and France over colonial empires; Austria and Prussia over Silesia; fought at Europe, India, and North America Conflicted ended with the Peace of Hubertusburg; territories returned, Russia controls Silesia, French return Madras to BritishTreaty of Paris-French left India to British, ceded Canada and lands east of Mississippi to British TERM 23
Developments in Armies and Warfare
DEFINITION 23 Increase of armies, reflectedEuropean hierarchical structureFrench- 190,000->290,000Prussian- 83,000-
200,000Austrian-108,000->282,000Russian-130,000- 290,000Landed aristocracy were officers, middle class were in middle rank, lower class were file-and-rank soldiersBritish relied on mercenaries, had a good navyWars not based on religion; more tax for army; construction of fortresses, generals more strategic TERM 24
Population Growth
DEFINITION 24 Population in 1750 grew from 120 million to 140 millionFalling death ratesIncreasedfood and better transportation End of bubonic plagueNot due to major public health changesPeople married late; cherished childrenStill famine and hungerRampant diseasesPoor hygienic conditions TERM 25
Childhood
DEFINITION 25 viewed as phase of human developmentChildren dressed according to age
Jethro Tull
Jethro Tull (1674 - 21 February 1741, New Style) was an English agricultural pioneer from Berkshire who helped bring about the British Agricultural Revolution.Found using a hoe allowed air and moisture to reach plants helping them grow betterUsed drills to plant seeds in holes instead of scattering them by hand TERM 32
Columbian
Exchange
DEFINITION 32 Exchange of flora and fauna between Europe and America TERM 33
Enclosure Movement
DEFINITION 33 Enclosure was the legal process in England during the 18th century of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm.Parliament (landed gentry) decreed that agricultural lands must be legally enclosed. This resulted in England gradually becoming a land of large estates, and many small farmers were forced to become wage laborers or tenant farmers. TERM 34
Crop Rotation
DEFINITION 34 The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. TERM 35
Bank of England
DEFINITION 35 Britain's effective central bank which issued uniform bank notes, extended short-term loans, and provided means for transferring capital for investment purposes
Cottage Industry
manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the industrial revolution TERM 37
Capitalism
DEFINITION 37 economic system based on free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of production. encourages private investment and businesses. It is the development of Adam Smith's laissez-faire ideas outlined in his definition of capitalism, 'An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'. TERM 38
Richard
Arkwright
DEFINITION 38 Sir Richard Arkwright (23 December 1732 - 3 August 1792), was an Englishman who, although the patents were eventually overturned, is often credited with inventing the spinning frame, later renamed the water frame following the transition to water power. TERM 39
Mercantilist Theory
DEFINITION 39 Balance of trade favorable tomother country Colonies provided raw materials for mother countries and also bought manufactured goods TERM 40
Colonial Empires
DEFINITION 40 Colonial empires in new world held by France and BritainFrench North America ran by autocratsBritish North America-> 13 colonies, 1.5 million people, run by BBOT, Royal Council, and Parliament
Andrea
Palladio
Venetian architectDesigned country villas; combined elegance with domesticity; comfort with visual delight and usefulness; classic serenity and sedateness influenced by Gregorian style TERM 47
Grand Tour
DEFINITION 47 Aristocrat sons completed education by taking tour of major cities of Europe, crucial to education TERM 48
Poverty
DEFINITION 48 Venice- Licensed 3-5% and unlicensed beggars 13- 15%Bologna- 25% beggarsMainz- 30% beggars/prostituteFrance & Britain-10% beggars/ depended on charitybeggars and vagrantsbegan to be considered criminals, encouraged violence and crime TERM 49
Junker Aristocracy
DEFINITION 49 Nobility of brandenburg and prussia that dominated the estates, taxes could not be levied without their consent. they ruled over the serfs sig- when fredeick william the first ruled the nobility commanded the peasants in the army as well as the estates.
