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cover about the project of physics based on the factors on which the internal factors depends on .and chemistry project based fermentation of fruit and vegetables
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Internal Resistance
2. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS (i) Aim (ii) Apparatus Required (iii) Theory (iv) Circuit diagram (v) Procedure (vi) Result and Inferences (vii) Precautions (viii) Sources of error **3. CONCLUSION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their potential can be increased greatly. Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell. When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it more reliable.
Aim To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends. Apparatus A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper. Theory The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell (i) Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes. (ii) Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
(iii) Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte. (iv) Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte. The internal resistance of a cell is given by: r = (E-V)/I
9.Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point. 10.Measure the balancing length (l 2 ) from end P Record these observations
17.Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record the readings.
S.no Ammeter Reading (A) Position of null point (cm) With R Without (l 1 ) R(l 2 ) Shunt Resistance R( Ω ) Internal Resistance r( Ω )
Table for effect of separation between electrodes S.no Separation between Electrodes d(cm) Balancing Point l 1 (cm) Balancing Point l 2 (cm) Internal Resistance R( Ω ) r/d
PRECAUTIONS (i) The connections should be neat, clean and tight. (ii) The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken. (iii) The positive polls of the battery E and cells E and E2 should all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires. (iv) The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently. (v) The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose. SOURCES OF ERROR (i) The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged. (ii) The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material density throughout its length. (iii) End resistance may be zero.
Distance b/w Electrodes Directly Proportional Area of Electrodes Inversely Proportional ppppp Concentration of electrolyte Inversely Proportional Temperature of Electrolytes Inversely Proportional
