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Critical Thinking D265 (Terms and Examples)
Which of these is a true/false statement?
- proposition
- non-proposition
- complex proposition
- simple proposition - Correct answer A proposition Which of these is a statement that is neither true or false, is simple (as in only makes one claim), and can be a question?
- simple proposition
- proposition
- complex proposition
- non-proposition - Correct answer A non-proposition Which of these is a statement made up of two simple propositions put together, uses internal logic (how the parts relate to each-other), and is only true if both parts are true?
- complex proposition
- non-proposition
- simple proposition
- proposition - Correct answer A complex proposition Which of these consists of one or more premises and one conclusion?
- complex proposition
- argument
- non-argument
- Fallacy - Correct answer An argument What is being referred to below? How propositions relate to each-other, usually indicated by these words (either/or, and, if/then) - Correct answer Internal logic What is being referred to below?
A statement that supports a conclusion, introduces a proposition that provides evidence, a reasoning for an argument, or is indicated by these words (because, for, given that, as, since, as indicated by) - Correct answer A premise What term is indicated by these words? (Either/or, and, if/then) - Correct answer Internal Logic Indicators/independent statements What term do these words indicate? (Because, for, given that, as, since, as indicated by) - Correct answer A premise What is being referred to below? A statement/claim supported by an arguments reasons, and is what is believed in the argument. Indicated by the words (Therefore, so, it follows that, thus, we may conclude that, as a result) - Correct answer A conclusion What term do these words indicate? (Therefore, so, it follows that, thus, we may conclude that, as a result) - Correct answer A conclusion Which of these consists of a proposition without an argument being made, and includes explanations, stories, and statements that stand on their own?
- argument
- non-argument
- complex proposition
- inference - Correct answer A non-argument Which of these establishes a conclusion in a way that doubt or exceptions are not possible, and the premises/reasons provide evidence the conclusion must be true?
- argument
- inductive argument
- non-argument
- deductive argument - Correct answer A deductive argument
- strong - Correct answer A cogent argument What is the following an example of? All fruits are sweet. Tomatoes are fruit. Therefore tomatoes are sweet. - Correct answer A deductive argument What is the following an example of? It looks like a duck. It also quacks like a duck. Therefore, it probably is a duck. - Correct answer A inductive argument What is an argument that contains bad reasoning?
- weak argument
- uncogent argument
- fallacy
- bias - Correct answer A fallacy What is an argument that contains an invalid structure, and occurs in deductive reasoning?
- fallacy
- formal fallacy
- informal fallacy
- invalid argument - Correct answer A formal fallacy What is an argument that contains bad content, and occurs in inductive reasoning?
- fallacy
- weak argument
- informal fallacy
- formal fallacy - Correct answer A informal fallacy What is a formal fallacy that uses the following invalid structure? If A, then C. C. Therefore, A. - Correct answer Affirming the consequent What is a formal fallacy that uses the following invalid structure?
If A, then C. Not A. Therefore, not C. - Correct answer Denying the antecedent What is an informal fallacy that uses the following bad context, and invokes the conclusion to support the conclusion, without evidence or support. X; therefore X - Correct answer Begging the question What is an informal fallacy that uses the following bad context, and uses an error in reasoning that may be irrelevant to the conclusion as evidence, and uses this to show the conclusion is false? The argument for C commits a fallacy; Therefore, X is false. - Correct answer The fallacy fallacy What is a tendency to have opinions that gravitate in a certain direction based on desires and mental shortcuts rather than clear and careful thought? As well as present in everyday formation of opinions? - Correct answer Bias What is the tendency to accept evidence that agrees or supports our existing thoughts and beliefs; while also rejecting evidence that disagrees or challenges, our existing thoughts and beliefs?
- Alief
- cognitive bias
- confirmation bias
- selection bias - Correct answer Confirmation bias What is the tendency to make systemic mistakes in categorizing and interpreting information we used to make decisions and can affect almost all our decision making processes?
- confirmation bias
- alief
- Cognitive bias
- Selection bias - Correct answer Cognitive bias What is an automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned out beliefs?
- representativeness bias
- Anchoring and adjustment bias
- Availability bias
- alief - Correct answer Availability bias What is a hasty generalization which happens when the sample we generalize from is too small or is not representative of the larger target population?
- representativeness bias
- selection bias
- Anchoring and adjustment bias
- Availability bias - Correct answer Selection bias What is the following an example of? American idol is not a good survey of what "Americans" think because the only people voting are those who watch the show.
- selection bias
- Anchoring and adjustment bias
- selective reporting
- Availability bias - Correct answer Selection bias What is it called when the same data is reported differently to achieve different rhetorical goals?
- Anchoring and adjustment bias
- selection bias
- selective reporting
- Availability bias - Correct answer Selective reporting What is a fast, automatic, and emotional way of thinking, such as finding the sum of 2+2, or determining the sound behind you? - Correct answer System 1 thinking What is a slow, deliberate, and calculating way of thinking, such as finding the product of 17×24 or determining how to hit a difficult putt? - Correct answer System 2 thinking
What is it called when one attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself?
- straw figure fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Appeal to authority fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - Correct answer Ad hominem fallacy What is it called when one focuses on the origins of an argument as a reason to accept or reject the idea or argument?
- Appeal to authority fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy
- genetic fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy - Correct answer Genetic fallacy What is it called when one purposely misrepresents another's argument in order to attack the weaker and misrepresented argument, rather than the stronger actual argument?
- genetic fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Appeal to authority fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy - Correct answer Straw figure fallacy What is it called when one introduces a new irrelevant topic that distracts others from the original argument?
- Equivocation fallacy
- Red herring fallacy
- Appeal to consequences fallacy
- Appeal to ignorance fallacy - Correct answer Red herring fallacy What is it called when one appeals to an unqualified authority figure to support one's claims even if the authority figure is not an expert in that discipline, but is in another irrelevant discipline?
- Ad hominem fallacy
- appeal to popularity fallacy
What are arguments that are weak because of bad reasoning, involve cause-and-effect, generalizations, or lack of proof for certain claims?
- fallacies of presumption
- Fallacies of weak induction
- hasty, generalization fallacy
- Slippery slope, fallacy - Correct answer Fallacies of weak induction What is it called when someone reasons from lack of knowledge, that one's claim is false, and then concludes that the claim is true, and vice versa?
- appeal to ignorance fallacy
- Post hoc fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - Correct answer Appeal to ignorance fallacy What is it called when one argues without sufficient reason that one event will lead to a series of events, ending in a final event, which is usually disastrous?
- slippery slope fallacy
- Post hoc fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - Correct answer Slippery slope fallacy What is it called when one "cherry-picks" evidence only if it supports their desired conclusion?
- Post hoc fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - Correct answer Texas sharpshooter fallacy What is it called when one claims an event caused the second event, only because it happened prior to the second event?
- hasty generalization fallacy
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- Post hoc fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - Correct answer Post hoc fallacy What is it called when someone generalizes too quickly about a group of people, things, or events?
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- Post hoc fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy - Correct answer Hasty generalization fallacy What is it called when the premises or reasons are used in a way they end up presuming what they are meant to prove?
- fallacies of presumption
- Fallacies of weak induction
- False dilemma fallacy
- begging the question fallacy - Correct answer Fallacies of presumption What is it called when one presumes that there are only two options available, or fewer options than actually available, and ignores all other logical possibilities?
- Equivocation fallacy
- Appeal to consequences fallacy
- false dilemma fallacy
- Appeal to ignorance fallacy - Correct answer False dilemma fallacy What is it called when one presumes that one's difficult to believe claim is justified unless someone else proves otherwise?
- Equivocation fallacy
- Burden of proof shifting fallacy
- false dilemma fallacy
- Appeal to ignorance fallacy - Correct answer Burden of proof shifting fallacy What is it called when you draw a diagram on how the premises are supposed to lead to the conclusions, and how the argument works? - Correct answer Argument mapping
What is it called when a sub premise provides support for the main conclusion, by supporting a main premise? - Correct answer Indirect support What is it called when a main premise supports the main conclusion? - Correct answer Direct support What is it called when theres a missing premise that must be true for an inference to work, and that always offers, conjoint support, for its conclusion, or sub conclusion? - Correct answer Hidden assumption How can heuristics be advantageous?
- They enable individuals to make quick decisions
- They remind individuals to slow their thought process
- They conform to the principle charity
- They help individuals avoid cognitive bias - Correct answer They enable individuals to make quick decisions What is the right way to respond to bias? - Correct answer - be aware of its influence on our reasoning
- take steps to counteract the influence when possible
- start the habit of slowing down periodically (system 2 thinking) Which of the examples is a valid argument and which is a invalid argument?
- All Texans are Americans. Anna is an American. Therefore, Anna is a Texan.
- If Jones is a baseball player, then Jones is an athlete. Jones is a baseball player. thus Jones is an athlete. - Correct answer 1. Invalid argument and all invalid arguments are unsound.
- A valid argument Which of these examples is a sound argument, and which is an unsound argument?
- All Californians are Canadians. Burt is a Californian. Therefore, Burt is a Canadian.
- Everyone who lives in Los Angeles lives in California everyone who lives in California lives in the United States there for everyone who lives in Los Angeles lives in the United States. - Correct answer 1. Valid, and unsound
- Valid, and sound Which of these examples is a strong argument and which is a weak argument?
- In the past it has snowed in Alaska every winter for the last 100 years. Therefore, it will probably snow in Alaska next winter.
- In 1962, it snowed in downtown Los Angeles. Therefore, it will probably snow in downtown Los Angeles next winter. - Correct answer 1. Strong argument and cogent
- Weak argument and all weak arguments are also uncogent. Which of these examples is a cogent argument, and which is an uncogent argument?
- In the past it has snowed in Miami Florida every summer. Therefore, it will probably snow in Miami next summer.
- An individual drops hundreds of objects and each time they fall to the ground. the individual therefore concludes that if someone drops a pencil it will fall. - Correct answer 1. Strong, and uncogent
- Strong, and cogent Which of these examples is an inductive argument, and which is a deductive argument?
- All dogs can fly. Ginger is a dog therefore ginger can fly.
- In my experience almost every time it is about to rain my knee hurts my knee hurts now, so it is probably going to rain soon. - Correct answer 1. Deductive and valid, unsound
- Inductive and strong, uncogent Is the following example offering independent, conjoint, direct, or indirect support? (1) We have been out in the sun all day. (2) It is unhealthy to spend a lot of time in the sun so (3) we should go inside. - Correct answer Conjoint as both premises are needed together for the conclusion to make sense
- Equivocation fallacy - Correct answer Ad hominem fallacy What is the following an example of? My opponent opposes the proposed tax levy to pay for the new high school football stadium. It is shameful she is unwilling to invest in her children's education.
- appeal to authority fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - Correct answer Straw figure fallacy What is the following an example of? Taking a logic class helps you learn to argue (reason well). But there are too many people who argue (angrily disagree) with each other already.
- appeal to authority fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy - Correct answer Equivocation fallacy What is the following an example of? Aliens have visited earth because nobody can prove that they have not. Aliens have not visited earth because nobody can prove that they have visited.
- appeal to authority fallacy
- appeal to ignorance fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - Correct answer appeal to ignorance fallacy What is the following an example of? Blake thinks vaccines are unsafe and only pays attention to evidence like anecdotes about vaccine injuries or doctors who make claims about
vaccines being dangerous at the same time. Blake ignores evidence showing vaccines are safe.
- Ad hominem fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- post-hoc fallacy - Correct answer Texas sharpshooter fallacy What is the following an example of? Raising taxes on the rich, will either cause an economic boom or a recession. since It will not cause a Boom, it follows that raising taxes on the rich will lead to recession.
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- false dilemma fallacy
- post-hoc fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy - Correct answer false dilemma fallacy What does the following an example of? Do you think more or fewer than 3 million people live in Wyoming?
- Selection bias
- Anchoring and adjustment
- Availability bias
- Representativeness - Correct answer Anchoring and adjustment, as the question would lead you to believe that it is somewhere around 3 million when it is actually half a million. What is the following an example of? Because I believe that dark chocolate is healthy I trust any new research, showing its benefits and dismiss studies showing negative impact on health .
- Anchoring and adjustment bias
- Confirmation bias
- Cognitive bias
- Alief - Correct answer Confirmation bias
