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Critical Thinking D
Propositions - correct answer statements that are expressed in sentences tht can be true or false. the sun never rises on Tuesdays Tomatoes are fruits 1+1=2 - correct answer Propositions non-propositions - correct answer expressed in sentences that cannot be either true or false Let's go fly a kite Give me the remote control Which way is East? - correct answer Non-Propositions Complex Propositions - correct answer depends on the truth of their parts and their internal logic This soda is either Coke or Pepsi She has brown eyes and brown hair If there is smoke, then there is fire. - correct answer Complex Propositions Arguments - correct answer purportedly rational movements from one or more premises to a conclusion Premise - correct answer a statement supporting an argument's conclusion Conclusion - correct answer a statement supported by an argument's premises
Because For Given that As Since As indicated by - correct answer Premise Indicators Therefore So It follows that Thus We may conclude that As a result - correct answer Conclusions Indicators What do non- arguments include - correct answer explanations stories sets of statements without an inference Deductive Argument - correct answer provide evidence that the conclusion must necessarily be true Inductive Argument - correct answer provide evidence that make the conclusion more or less likely to be true Valid Argument - correct answer if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true Sound Argument - correct answer valid and has true premises
A= I am in Rome C= I am in Italy If I am in Rome, then I am in Italy I am not in Rome Therefore, I am not in Italy - correct answer Denying the Antecedent A= I am in Rome C= I am in Italy Begging the question - correct answer fallacy is a circular argument in which a premise of the argument assumes the truth of a conclusion Earth if a sphere because the planet is shaped like a ball - correct answer Begging the Question Fallacy Fallacy - correct answer committed when one rejects the conclusion of an argument because that argument commits a fallacy The argument that the earth is a sphere begs the question reject the conclusion and affirm that the earth is flat - correct answer Fallacy Fallacy Sources of Information - correct answer First considering a piece of information, determine if its is from a reliable source How do you know if the source is reliable? - correct answer Identify the author Is the source an individual, organization, or governmental entity? How do check is a source is biased? - correct answer Check social media bubbles Consider whose interests the story serves If it is study or poll, who funded it?
Do you see the word "sponsored" at the top? Do you see survey results or statistics? How do you know if a source is thoughtful and honest? - correct answer admit and correct their errors source consider its analysis might be wrong represent opposing views fairly, or does it try to get you to distrust others identify when making a mistake include counter arguments, represent arguments fairly How do you know if the source is current and local? - correct answer check timestamps check original source to determine location of reported events and relevance Context Collapse - correct answer where social media can make it seem like something is happening in your area right now Deepfake - correct answer images or recordings that have been convincingly altered and manipulated to misrepresent someone doing or saying something that was not actually done or said Bias - correct answer tendencies to have opinions that gravitate in a certain direction based on desires and mental shortcuts instead of clear and careful thought. Confirmation Bias - correct answer tendency to accept evidence that agrees with what you already think and to reject evidence that disagrees with what you already think Cognitive Bias - correct answer systemic mistakes, meaning they can affect almost all of our decision making processes Alief - correct answer an automatic belief like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned out beliefs
System 2 Thinking - correct answer slow, deliberate and calculating Ad Hominem ( Attacking the Person) - correct answer committed whenever someone attacks the person who is making an argument rather than the argument itself Genetic Fallacy - correct answer committed whenever someone focuses on where the argument originated from as a reason to accept or reject the argument Focusing on where the idea originates from, rather than on the argument you are making. The fact is irrelevant to whether or not your idea is a good one. Straw Figure Fallacy - correct answer committed whenever someone purposely misrepresents another's argument in order to create an easier argument to attack committed when one misrepresents another's argument then attacks the misrepresented ( weaker) argument rather than the actual ( stronger) argument Red Herring Fallacy - correct answer committed whenever someone introduces an irrelevant topic that distracts others from the original argument Appeal to Authority Fallacy - correct answer occurs whenever you appeal to an unqualified authority figure to support your claim committed when one appeals to the popularity of a belief as a reason to affirm its truth Appeal to Consequences Fallacy - correct answer occurs whenever I appeal to the consequences of accepting a claim as a reason to reject or accept my argument committed when one appeals to the bad ( or good) consequences of accepting a claim as a reason to reject ( or accept) it as true Equivocation Fallacy - correct answer occurs whenever I use the same word in two different ways committed when one's argument hinges on mistakenly using the same word in two different senses.
Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy - correct answer occurs when someone reasons from our lack of knowledge that our claim is false or true to the assertion that the claim is true or false committed when someone reasons from our lack or knowledge that a claim is false ( or true) to the conclusion that the claim is true ( or false) Slippery Slope Fallacy - correct answer occurs when someone argues that one event will lead to a series of other events, leads to a final event which is usually disastrous committed when someone argues, without sufficient reason, that one event leads to a series of events ultimately ending in a further ( usually disastrous) event Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy - correct answer person selects the evidence that they want, but the evidence that they pick only supports the conclusion that they want or desire committed when one " cherry picks" only evidence supporting their desired conclusion Post Hoc Fallacy ( Ergo Propter Hoc) - correct answer occurs because the person mistakes an event that happens prior in time to its cause as being the real cause of the event. committed when one claims some event causes another just because the first event ( the alleged cause) occurs before the second event ( the alleged effect) Hasty Generalization Fallacy - correct answer committed when a person generalize too quickly about a group. This can be a group of people, things, or events Fallacies of Presumption - correct answer committed because the premises are used in such a way that they presume what they are meant to prove False Dilemma - correct answer person presumes that there are only two options available, in doing so they ignore other logical possibilities committed when one presumes that there are fewer options ( typically two) than there are actually here
