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Critical Thinking D265 WGU (Terms and
Examples)
Which of these is a true/false statement?
- proposition
- non-proposition
- complex proposition
- simple proposition - correct answer A proposition Which of these is a statement that is neither true or false, is simple (as in only makes one claim), and can be a question?
- simple proposition
- proposition
- complex proposition
- non-proposition - correct answer A non-proposition Which of these is a statement made up of two simple propositions put together, uses internal logic (how the parts relate to each-other), and is only true if both parts are true?
- complex proposition
- non-proposition
- simple proposition
- proposition - correct answer A complex proposition Which of these consists of one or more premises and one conclusion?
- complex proposition
- argument
- non-argument
- Fallacy - correct answer An argument What is being referred to below? How propositions relate to each-other, usually indicated by these words (either/or, and, if/then) - correct answer Internal logic What is being referred to below? A statement that supports a conclusion, introduces a proposition that provides evidence, a reasoning for an argument, or is indicated by these words (because, for, given that, as, since, as indicated by) - correct answer A premise What term is indicated by these words? (Either/or, and, if/then) - correct answer Internal Logic Indicators/independent statements What term do these words indicate? (Because, for, given that, as, since, as indicated by) - correct answer A premise What is being referred to below? A statement/claim supported by an arguments reasons, and is what is believed in the argument. Indicated by the words (Therefore, so, it follows that, thus, we may conclude that, as a result) - correct answer A conclusion What term do these words indicate? (Therefore, so, it follows that, thus, we may conclude that, as a result) - correct answer A conclusion
Which of these relies on an argument being valid first, and then also having true premises?
- valid
- sound
- strong
- cogent - correct answer A sound argument Which of these terms demonstrate when premises are true, and a conclusion is likely to be true, though not guaranteed, and provided sufficient evidence to lead us to conclude with confidence?
- valid
- sound
- strong
- weak - correct answer A strong Argument Which of these relies on an argument being strong first, and then also having true premises?
- sound
- cogent
- uncogent
- strong - correct answer A cogent argument What is the following an example of? All fruits are sweet. Tomatoes are fruit. Therefore tomatoes are sweet. - correct answer A deductive argument
What is the following an example of? It looks like a duck. It also quacks like a duck. Therefore, it probably is a duck. - correct answer A inductive argument What is an argument that contains bad reasoning?
- weak argument
- uncogent argument
- fallacy
- bias - correct answer A fallacy What is an argument that contains an invalid structure, and occurs in deductive reasoning?
- fallacy
- formal fallacy
- informal fallacy
- invalid argument - correct answer A formal fallacy What is an argument that contains bad content, and occurs in inductive reasoning?
- fallacy
- weak argument
- informal fallacy
- formal fallacy - correct answer A informal fallacy What is a formal fallacy that uses the following invalid structure? If A, then C. C. Therefore, A. - correct answer Affirming the consequent
- confirmation bias
- alief
- Cognitive bias
- Selection bias - correct answer Cognitive bias What is an automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned out beliefs?
- Cognitive bias
- Selection bias
- confirmation bias
- alief - correct answer An alief What is the following an example of? Do you believe that a glass skywalk is safe, but your automatic response is to fear of falling through the glass under your feet. - correct answer An Alief What is a cognitive bias in which we categorize a new situation based on similarities to a previous situation?
- anchoring and adjustment bias
- availability bias
- Selection bias
- Representativeness bias - correct answer Representativeness What is the following an example of? When someone walks into a bank, wearing a ski mask, you search your memory to see what resembles the current situation then decide it is a bank robbery. - correct answer Representativeness
What is it when you give others the benefit of the doubt to make their argument? - correct answer The principle of charity What is the tendency to get stuck on a first impression of something and then adjust up or down from there?
- Alief
- representativeness bias
- Anchoring and adjustment bias
- Availability bias - correct answer Anchoring an adjustment bias What is the process of drawing conclusions based on the most easily available information, and can lead to a bias towards simplistic conclusions that lack depth analysis or insight?
- representativeness bias
- Anchoring and adjustment bias
- Availability bias
- alief - correct answer Availability bias What is a hasty generalization which happens when the sample we generalize from is too small or is not representative of the larger target population?
- representativeness bias
- selection bias
- Anchoring and adjustment bias
- Availability bias - correct answer Selection bias What is the following an example of?
What is it called when one focuses on the origins of an argument as a reason to accept or reject the idea or argument?
- Appeal to authority fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy
- genetic fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy - correct answer Genetic fallacy What is it called when one purposely misrepresents another's argument in order to attack the weaker and misrepresented argument, rather than the stronger actual argument?
- genetic fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Appeal to authority fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy - correct answer Straw figure fallacy What is it called when one introduces a new irrelevant topic that distracts others from the original argument?
- Equivocation fallacy
- Red herring fallacy
- Appeal to consequences fallacy
- Appeal to ignorance fallacy - correct answer Red herring fallacy What is it called when one appeals to an unqualified authority figure to support one's claims even if the authority figure is not an expert in that discipline, but is in another irrelevant discipline?
- Ad hominem fallacy
- appeal to popularity fallacy
- Appeal to authority fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy - correct answer Appeal to authority fallacy What is it called when one uses a threat to compel another to agree with one's argument?
- Ad hominem fallacy
- appeal to consequences fallacy
- appeal to force fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy - correct answer Appeal to force fallacy What is it called when one uses the popularity of a belief as a reason to affirm the truth of an argument?
- Appeal to authority fallacy
- appeal to consequences fallacy
- appeal to popularity fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy - correct answer Appeal to popularity fallacy What is it called when one appeals to the bad or good consequences of accepting a claim as a reason to reject or accept an argument as true?
- Appeal to authority fallacy
- appeal to consequences fallacy
- appeal to popularity fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy - correct answer Appeal to consequences fallacy What is the following an example of? The latest sales projections cannot be accurate because if they are, the company will go bankrupt and that is too horrible to believe. - correct answer Appeal to consequences fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - correct answer Slippery slope fallacy What is it called when one "cherry-picks" evidence only if it supports their desired conclusion?
- Post hoc fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - correct answer Texas sharpshooter fallacy What is it called when one claims an event caused the second event, only because it happened prior to the second event?
- hasty generalization fallacy
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- Post hoc fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - correct answer Post hoc fallacy What is it called when someone generalizes too quickly about a group of people, things, or events?
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- Post hoc fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy - correct answer Hasty generalization fallacy What is it called when the premises or reasons are used in a way they end up presuming what they are meant to prove?
- fallacies of presumption
- Fallacies of weak induction
- False dilemma fallacy
- begging the question fallacy - correct answer Fallacies of presumption What is it called when one presumes that there are only two options available, or fewer options than actually available, and ignores all other logical possibilities?
- Equivocation fallacy
- Appeal to consequences fallacy
- false dilemma fallacy
- Appeal to ignorance fallacy - correct answer False dilemma fallacy What is it called when one presumes that one's difficult to believe claim is justified unless someone else proves otherwise?
- Equivocation fallacy
- Burden of proof shifting fallacy
- false dilemma fallacy
- Appeal to ignorance fallacy - correct answer Burden of proof shifting fallacy What is it called when you draw a diagram on how the premises are supposed to lead to the conclusions, and how the argument works? - correct answer Argument mapping What is the final conclusion of an argument called? - correct answer The main conclusion What is a premise directly supporting the main conclusion called? - correct answer The main premise What is an inference from a premise to another premise called? - correct answer Sub inference
What is it called when a main premise supports the main conclusion? - correct answer Direct support What is it called when theres a missing premise that must be true for an inference to work, and that always offers, conjoint support, for its conclusion, or sub conclusion? - correct answer Hidden assumption How can heuristics be advantageous?
- They enable individuals to make quick decisions
- They remind individuals to slow their thought process
- They conform to the principle charity
- They help individuals avoid cognitive bias - correct answer They enable individuals to make quick decisions What is the right way to respond to bias? - correct answer - be aware of its influence on our reasoning
- take steps to counteract the influence when possible
- start the habit of slowing down periodically (system 2 thinking) Which of the examples is a valid argument and which is a invalid argument?
- All Texans are Americans. Anna is an American. Therefore, Anna is a Texan.
- If Jones is a baseball player, then Jones is an athlete. Jones is a baseball player. thus Jones is an athlete. - correct answer 1. Invalid argument and all invalid arguments are unsound.
- A valid argument Which of these examples is a sound argument, and which is an unsound argument?
- All Californians are Canadians. Burt is a Californian. Therefore, Burt is a Canadian.
- Everyone who lives in Los Angeles lives in California everyone who lives in California lives in the United States there for everyone who lives in Los Angeles lives in the United States. - correct answer 1. Valid, and unsound
- Valid, and sound Which of these examples is a strong argument and which is a weak argument?
- In the past it has snowed in Alaska every winter for the last 100 years. Therefore, it will probably snow in Alaska next winter.
- In 1962, it snowed in downtown Los Angeles. Therefore, it will probably snow in downtown Los Angeles next winter. - correct answer 1. Strong argument and cogent
- Weak argument and all weak arguments are also uncogent. Which of these examples is a cogent argument, and which is an uncogent argument?
- In the past it has snowed in Miami Florida every summer. Therefore, it will probably snow in Miami next summer.
- An individual drops hundreds of objects and each time they fall to the ground. the individual therefore concludes that if someone drops a pencil it will fall. - correct answer 1. Strong, and uncogent
- Strong, and cogent Which of these examples is an inductive argument, and which is a deductive argument?
- All dogs can fly. Ginger is a dog therefore ginger can fly.
- In my experience almost every time it is about to rain my knee hurts my knee hurts now, so it is probably going to rain soon. - correct answer 1. Deductive and valid, unsound
- Inductive and strong, uncogent Is the following example offering independent, conjoint, direct, or indirect support?
Peter singers claim that it is morally wrong to spend money on personal luxuries rather than give to charity is obviously false, because singer is a hypocrite who does not practice what he preaches.
- appeal to authority fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - correct answer Ad hominem fallacy What is the following an example of? My opponent opposes the proposed tax levy to pay for the new high school football stadium. It is shameful she is unwilling to invest in her children's education.
- appeal to authority fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - correct answer Straw figure fallacy What is the following an example of? Taking a logic class helps you learn to argue (reason well). But there are too many people who argue (angrily disagree) with each other already.
- appeal to authority fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy
- Straw figure fallacy - correct answer Equivocation fallacy What is the following an example of?
Aliens have visited earth because nobody can prove that they have not. Aliens have not visited earth because nobody can prove that they have visited.
- appeal to authority fallacy
- appeal to ignorance fallacy
- Ad hominem fallacy
- Equivocation fallacy - correct answer appeal to ignorance fallacy What is the following an example of? Blake thinks vaccines are unsafe and only pays attention to evidence like anecdotes about vaccine injuries or doctors who make claims about vaccines being dangerous at the same time. Blake ignores evidence showing vaccines are safe.
- Ad hominem fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- post-hoc fallacy - correct answer Texas sharpshooter fallacy What is the following an example of? Raising taxes on the rich, will either cause an economic boom or a recession. since It will not cause a Boom, it follows that raising taxes on the rich will lead to recession.
- Texas sharpshooter fallacy
- false dilemma fallacy
- post-hoc fallacy
- hasty generalization fallacy - correct answer false dilemma fallacy
