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History Unit 2 Notes
Table of Contents
3/3/15 (Enlightenment).................................................................................................................... 1 3/5/15 (Early Revolution)................................................................................................................ 3 3/10/15 (Napoleonic Era)................................................................................................................. 5 3/12/15 (Industrial Revolution).................................................................................................... 6 3/24/15 (Capital Surplus in Britain)............................................................................................. 7 3/26/15 (Class & Culture)................................................................................................................. 8 3/31/15 (Gender Roles & Liberalism).......................................................................................... 9 4/7/15 (Creation of the Industrial Working Class)................................................................ 11 4/9/15 (Responses to Industrialization)................................................................................... 13 4/14/15 (Nationalism).................................................................................................................... 14 4/16/15 (Formal Empires)............................................................................................................. 16 4/21/15 (Western Racism)............................................................................................................ 18 4/23/15 (World War One).............................................................................................................. 19 4/28/15 (Russian Revolution)...................................................................................................... 21 4/30/15 (New Russian Reform)................................................................................................... 22 5/5/15 (The Fascist Era)................................................................................................................. 23 .................................................................................................................................................................. 25
3/3/15 (Enlightenment)
The Encyclopedia Adam Smith Bardon De Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft Conclusion:
The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era o A series of smaller revolutions. Slippery slope. Starts with aristocracies and moves its way down to the social masses. The French Revolution o Old Regime Problems Debt Strong enlightenment influence The encyclopedia Salon The low enlightenment o The class based Revolts 1789 Revolt of the privileged: Nobles & estates general Upper class attempt to avoid paying taxes Revolt of the Bourgeois: National Assembly Middle class revolt against privilege The Social Revolution Paris riots, sans-culottes, fall of Bastille Great fear: peasants overthrow feudal o Privileges, many nobles flee = Émigrés 1 st^ Estate Clergy 130,000 people 10% land 2 nd^ Estate Nobility 350, 25-30% land 3 rd^ Estate Everyone 27 million middle class 2,300, 20-25%
Question of equality on liberty The Thermidorian Reaction 1794- Return of Revolution to more moderate course Robesierre and many Jacobins executed Sans-culotttes repulsed by “Whiff of Grapeshot” o Napoleon Bonaparte rises to power The Directory 1797- Anti-conservative coup designed to prevent o Return of constitutional monarchy Napoleon Sent off to Egypt but returned Staged by middle class, supported by Napoleon
3/10/15 (Napoleonic Era) The Napoleonic Era (1799-1815) o The consulate (1799-1804) Napoleon Leads coup that establishes three consuls, he is one of them By 1799 Middle class achieve most of their goals Abolish noble privileges Opportunities by merit not birth Many peasants become lower-middle class land owners But Napoleonic empire a military based state Military meritocracy Code napoleon spread moderated ideas of Revolution Napoleon, The Emperor 1804- o 1805-1811 Era of military success for Napoleon France at War 1804- (Always with Britain) o Continental system to cut trade with British o Brithis Naval victory 1805 at Trafalgar (Lord Horatio Nelson) o 1808-1814 Spanish “Ulcer” for French Spain was a manpower Drain Destablization of Spain Promoted Colonial Revolts in Latin America 1812 French Defeat in Russia 1814 Napoleon Forced to Abdicate 1815 Napoleon Returns, Defeated at Waterloo 1814 & 1815 Restoration of Monarchy 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna Tries to Erase Revolution from France Count Metternich o Conclusion: Many phased Revolution, no single category
3/24/15 (Capital Surplus in Britain) Capital surplus Bank of London 1694 Growth of Smaller banks Sugar money to invest Travel and commerce British had developed series of roads and canals to move goods on Navigable rivers, turnpikes, macadam No internal trade barriers in Britain Raw Materials British have coal and iron deposits Large merchant fleet to move raw materials Several colonies that produce raw materials Government Parliament dominated by those favorable to business and trade Ideas of Adam Smith common among elite Technological Developments Textile Industry Produced cotton cloth and clothing Flying shuttle 1733 Spinning Jenny 1767 Power Loom 1787 Cotton Imports Rise 2.5 M pounds (1760) to 366 M pounds (1787) Cost of finished goods drops to 1/20th^ of cost Steam Engine 1760 James Watt Developed steam engine 1782 Steam Engine Adapted to power machines Iron Industry 1780’s Puddling Developed that yields high quality steel (Henry Cort) Production Grows from 17,000 tons in 1740 to 3 million Tons by 1852 Railroad First prototype in 1804 in Wales First rail line in 1830 By 1850: 6,000 miles of track in Britain The Industrial Factory Harnessed power of machines and steam engine Required orderly production Curch bells to factory whistle, saint Monday
3/26/15 (Class & Culture) Class and Culture. The Creation of the Industrial Middle Class Wide Variety of Incomes and Occupations did not consider themselves workers Heads of society rather than hands A new class, different from gentry or nobles Middle class creates new value code Aristoctratic code of behavior: Hedonistic Middle class could control passions Actively make money Emphasize religious piety (Methodist, Quaker, etc.) Manipulate/control others Victorian Society Queen Victoria (1837-1901) Broad Era Culture of Abundance/Consumption Material possessions help define middle class Work (the office) Home (the suburbs) Free from Industrial pollution Obsession with cleanliness
Conclusion: Liberalism was a vision of society promoted by industrial middle class as it gave them greater political and economic power. Most successful in Britain; less so in continental Europe. Conservatism Response to developments of French Revolution Varied across Europe, based on Roots of society and its history Six elements of conservatism
- Pessimism about human nature
- Hostiliity towards and fear individualism
- Hostility towards and fear of indidualism
- Emphasis on Religion vs. Secularization
- Distrust of the “people”
- Limitations on Human Reason
- Belief in Past “Golden Age” Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France ( 1790) “You should have slow gradual change, because society is a compact between the past, present and the future.
4/7/15 (Creation of the Industrial Working Class) Creation of the Industrial Working Class. AKA The Industrial Proletariat Home: The Slums Dreadful, unsanitary, unhealthy, accommodations. Industrial pollution: the london fog Gender Roles and the Family Great Upheaval in transition from rural peasant to urban industrial working class Men attempt to gain control of family Want bread winner definition like middle class. Demand family wage to support family and establish economic control of family. Women and children workers and the family wage. Seen as “Supplemental workers” to family. Paid one half or less wages of man. Used by factory owners to drive higher paid men out of work place. Jobs redefined as feminine or unskilled. Unemployed father had no economic power over new industrial family. Working class men used middle class arguments about women and children workers. Manhood based on physical activity usually violence Role of soccer Acceptable to beat your wife Preferred physical sports like boxing or soccer Man activity was pub drinking every day of the week. Spent 15 to 25% of earnings on alcohol. Escape from family Working class femininity Similar to that of middle class ideal Had to be done on almost no money Wives almost paid a wage by husband Women sacrificed for family, food Women pawn goods to make ends meet Conclusion Limited by economic power in society Made own codes of masculinity but working class men wanted wives to behave like middle class (submissive) Men force women and children out of workplace with family wage to reinforce patriarchy. Women kept working class going financially
4/9/15 (Responses to Industrialization) After 1850, wider voting rights for men in Europe. Germany: German social democratic party (SDP) 1863: German Workmans’ Association 1875: SDP Founded Revolutionary Socialists. Got meaningful reforms from Bismark government Allowed feminist participation 4 million voters in 1912 Most successful socialist Party France: Several parties; merge in 1904 By 1914 second largest voting block in France Britain: The Labour Party Independent Labour Party in 1893 Led by Keir Hardie, a Unionist not Socialist Unionist rather than Socialist agenda Trade Unionism and Labor Movements: Most workers relied on Unions for help Worked towards finite goals Used strikes to achieve goals Did not accept most socialist theory Early Unions: Start in Late 1700s Britain Usually only skilled workers Outlawed in 1799/1800 in Britain Most countries allow unions by 1850s rather than face revolutions 19 th^ Century Unions: Start to include unskilled workers and women Use collective fronts Successful in small fights Not strong as national unions Made real improvements for workers Conclusion: Socialist, socialist parties and trade unions were a response to industrialization. They attempted to minimize some of the problems of industrial society for workers. They made considerable gains for workers during the 19th^ (and 20th) century Nationalism Idea of belonging to an “Imagined Community” Citizen rather than subject from French revolution, but more than simply political (or is it?)
4/14/15 (Nationalism) Nationalism as Ideology: Based on Several Factors An Artificial construction
- Romanticism: Golden age and folklore
- Homogeneous Culture and Language (Common Values)
- Belief in Common Ancestry (Racism) Distinct Ethnic Group Racial Characteristics
- Common history (Often a fictional recreated History)
- Common Religion Political Uses of Nationalism To Unify a nation into a Nation-State To Promote Independence movement Italian Unification 1859- Based on Expansion of Kingdom of Piedmont Led by Prime Minister count Camillo Di Cavour Had political motives rather than Nationalism Used nationalism to motivate others 1859 War With Austria 1860 Other Parts of Italy join by Vote 1860 Guiseppe Garibaldi and Nationalist Take Southern Italy, Forced into United Italy 1861 New Kingdom of Italy Formed 1866 Venic Joins 1870 Papal States Forced to Join German Unification 1866- 1834 Free Trade Association (Zollverein) All German States But Austria join by 1853 Count Otto Von Bismark Prussian Prime Minister Realpolitik: “Politics of Reality” Idea of Expanding Prussia to Dominate all Germans Again for Political reasons rather than Nationalism 1864 Conquest of Holstein 1866 War with Austria 1870 Franco-Prussian War French Defeated at Sedan, Napoleon III Captured 1871 New German Empire Proclaimed (2nd^ Reich)
4/16/15 (Formal Empires) Formal Empires Direct Colonial Control Limited Before 1870 Guarantee Trade Monopoly Expensive to Run and Garrison French Algeria: Colonized in 1830 Became part of France in 1848 British India: Colonized in 1700’s British East India Company The Indian Mutiny, 1857 (By Hindu Soldiers) 1885 Direch British Control of Much of India Informal Control over rest New Imperialism was a program of new direct/formal Colonization by industrial European nations in response to economic problems; it was further fueled by irrational motives such as nationalism, racism, cultural supremacy, and religious bigotry. The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870+ 1750-1870 (First industrial revolution) After 1870 new nations industrialize New products (Heavy Industrialization) Steel, Chemicals, Electricity, Petroleum Leads to New Products End of Free trade in much of Europe Due to saturated Markets To Promote Home Industry In All Major Powers but Britain The Great Depression 1873- Europe suffers a series of Economic Crises. Not always Europe wide but continuous Caused by overproduction and saturation of Markets “Mature Industrialization” Europeans need new markets to Expand into Prices, Interest Rates, and Profits Falling
Social Problems in Europe Worker unrest: strikes Rising Power of Socialism Persistence of Poverty Results in Immigration out of Europe The Ideas of The New Imperialism Get new colonies to export goods to most of Europe Had few colonies Direct/Formal colonies instead of Informal Goal of colonies for monopoly of Trade Motivations for Europeans Economics: New Markets to export goods Explained by Lenin in Book: Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism Capitalism needs to expand to survive The More Colonies Equals More Exports Nationalism: National Prestige From Colonies Europe Dominated by Nation-States Stress Superiority of Each Nation-States Colonies as a status symbol of Power Irrational Motivation
4/23/15 (World War One) The First World War Causes of the First World War (The Great War) Imperialism and Economic Competition: Further need to expand colonies Take them from another nation Fashoda 1889: French and British conflict Boer War 1889-1901 British War against boers Germans threaten to Intervene 1905 and 1911 Germans Meddle in French Morocco Great Powers Rivalry: Germany and Britain 2890 Bismark fired by Kaiser William II Germans embark on naval and colonial expansion “A place in the sun” Internal Problems Persistence of Poverty = Working class unrest National Strikes To quell nationalist rebellions For Example: Ireland and Problems in the Austro-Hungarian empire Women’s demand for vote The Irrational Same as colonialism: Nationalism, sense of Cultural superiority, Racism Alliance System Triple alliance: Germany, Austro-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia Mobilization Plans – France – Plan XVII Schlieffen Plan 1905 German Plan for War Called for Attack on France through Belgium Helps Spread War Ottoman Empire In Decline 1908 Serbs Fail to gain Bosnia and Herzegovina 1911 Italy Takes Libya 1912 First Balkan War 1913 Second Balkan War Heightened Tensions between Serbia and Austria Balkan Crises: June 28, 1914 Archduke Ferdinand of Austria killed by Serbian nationalist July 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia War begins (August, 1914) World War One: The Military Aspects:
A World War: Western front: France, Trench warfare – from Alps to Sea Eastern Front: Russia defeated by Germans-Hindenburg ATTRITION Balkans: Gallipoli Middle East: British defeat Ottomans War at Sea: British Naval Victory and Blockade German use of Submarines First Industrial War: Munitions Production Mass Armies New Technologies: Battleships Tanks: Very Crude – Don’t know how to use effectively Airplanes: Limited Use Machine-Guns: Very effective Bolt action rifles: Higher rate of fire Gas Warfare: First Use The Home Front and Total War: Total civilian mobilization Citizen soldiers End of Aristocratic officers Pals Battalions (British) Industrial Mobilization Need for munitions, especially artillery Women drawn into work place and after war Get vote in most nations Civilian Targets Bombing of Civilians Propaganda For home front as well as soldiers Nationalism The Social Impact Liberalism discredited The enlightenment and reason discredited Democracy discredited Increased Gender divisions Changes in leadership Death of imperialism at home and abroad Conclusion World War I reduced the influence of liberalism and the enlightenment in Europe. Established the world wide precedent of total war Started a period of political instability that lasted till the end of cold war Solved nothing! All problems still there
