Henry VIII –
Henry IV – (1593 – 1610)
Huguenots – French Calvanists who made up 10% of the population by 1560 and fought against the Catholics.
Edict of Nantes – Enacted by king Henry IV granting rights to the Huguenots to have troops, church org., and political automy within their walls but banned them from
the royal court and Paris
Dutch Revolt – 7 Northern provinces of the Netherlands revolted against Spanish rule (1579-1648) resulted in the independence of the Republic of the United
Provinces.
stadtholder – officers in the Netherlands (Dutch Republic) presided over provincial states, leaders of the armies, and certain offices.
House of Orange – princely dynasty important in Netherland history. Held positions in the Dutch Republic as stadholders from the 16th to 18th century.
Guilds – groups of professionals who protect the special interests of a certain trade and monopolize on the production and trade of those goods.
absolutism – a form of government where the ruler posed unrivaled power
divine right of kings – the idea that kings were divinely appointed by God
Estates General – the legislative assembly of France during the Old Regime.
Louis XIV (1643-1715) – (Most absolutist king) “The Sun King” One King. One Law. One Faith. (Gallincanism) {French Catholicism} passed Taille – a tax for all
that passes up all others (was made exclusively Royal) and was unequally distributed with Nobles and Clergy being exempt.
standing armies – military forces that remained after war maintain order and enforce governmental policy.
Charles I – (1625-1649) forced subjects to lend money to the government during war with Spain, and collected duties on exports without the approval from Parliament.
The House of Commons protested these policies and Charles dismissed Parliament in 1629. Asked subjects to pay “ship money” to outfit ships to defend the country.
Called parliament in 1640 (Short Parliament) but they wanted to limit his power so he dismissed them. He had to recall parliament the same year (Long Parliament
1640-1653). They demanded he impeach his advisors, abolished his prerogative courts, made his non parliamentary taxes illegal, created new law limiting the time
between parliamentary meetings to 3 years. Civil war broke out soon after between the Royalist (
Charles II – (1660-1685) restored to throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth. His reign is known as the Restoration period.
James I
James II
William and Mary
Parliament
Cardinal Richelieu –Louis XIII’s main councilor who worked towards centralizing the power of the French state. He restricted the power of the 8 central Parlements
– highest provincial courts in France (Most important being the Parlement of Paris) and Strengthened the system of the intendents – middle class officials from Paris
(used to replace Nobles) who collected taxes, supervised local admin, and recruited soldiers.
Mercantilism – belief that the wealth of a state depended on importing less than you exported and gather as much of the world’s monetary supply as possible.
laissez-faire – policy of minimum government interference with social and individual economics.
Treaty of Westphalia – (1648) brought an end to the 80 years’ war between Spain and the Dutch (German phase of the Thirty Years’ War)
Thirty Years’ War – (1618-1648) A series of wars fought by various nations in Europe. Mainly over religion, dynasty, territory, and commercial rivalries.
Holy Roman Empire
Frederick I
Frederick William I
Junkers – Prussian nobility
Diet
Hapsburgs -
Ottoman Empire
Peter I (The Great)
primogeniture
St. Petersburg
Versailles
English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell – Defeated Charles II (1651)
English Bill of Rights
Glorious Revolution – (1688)
John Locke
Dutch Republic
Anton von Leewenhoek
religious toleration
Galileo Galilei
Nicolaus Copernicus
Isaac Newton
William Harvey
scientific method
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
protestantism
Catholicism
salons
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations
