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ICT Practical Research 1, Lecture notes of Technology

Technology

Applied Track Subject in the Senior High School curriculum in the Philippines. It is designed to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, focusing on qualitative methods and quantitative methods.

Typology: Lecture notes

2025/2026

Available from 03/27/2026

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jekka-oliva 🇭🇰

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ICT Practical Research 1
Research Instrument
Research Instrument - tools or devices designed to measure data for a particular purpose. Tool used
to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your research interests.
(Barrot, 2017) certain aspects must be considered to define an instrument .
Actual Instrument
What instrument will you use? Is it a survey?
An interview protocol?
Purpose of the instrument
What is it for? Will it be best for your approved
topic?
Creator of the instrument
Who will be making the instrument? If it’s
already made, did it come from a reputable
source? Will experts be involved in its crafting?
Content or number of items in the
instrument
What questions will you be listing in your
instrument? Do they answer your Statement of
the Problem?
Response format
Will they need to check numbers, letters?
Encircle symbols? Will they write their answers
in sentences?
Scoring pattern for the responses
How will you score the responses? Will it be
frequency counting? Will you use statistics?
Reliability and validity of the instrument
How will you establish the validity and
reliability of your instrument?
Three Ways to Construct an Instrument
1. Adopt an Instrument - may use an already existing tool that has been utilized by reputable
institutions or studies. When an instrument is adopted, there is no need for the researcher to test its
validity and reliability because it has already been evaluated by experts.
2. Modify an Existing Instrument - may change or improve some parts of an instrument borrowed if
it does not exactly answer the pre-set research objectives.
3. Create Your Own Instrument - you should make sure that yours is aligned with the research
objectives. You should also be guided by other instruments that are related to your study.
Data Collection Techniques
● Cristobal and Cristobal (2017)
1. Documentary Analysis - very common method of analyzing data which relies heavily on
exploring documents and records that exist within a body, organization, institution, or group.
● Example:
○ Memos, minutes of meetings, financial documents, photographs, posters, databases,
videos, and audio records smallest one
2. Interview - instrument used for interviewing is an interview schedule or an interview protocol. If
this will be used, the interviewer must have superb communication skills to generate honest and
accurate responses from the participants.
● Unstructured
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ICT Practical Research 1

Research Instrument

Research Instrument - tools or devices designed to measure data for a particular purpose. Tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your research interests.

(Barrot, 2017) certain aspects must be considered to define an instrument.

Actual Instrument What instrument will you use? Is it a survey? An interview protocol?

Purpose of the instrument What is it for? Will it be best for your approved topic?

Creator of the instrument Who will be making the instrument? If it’s already made, did it come from a reputable source? Will experts be involved in its crafting?

Content or number of items in the instrument

What questions will you be listing in your instrument? Do they answer your Statement of the Problem?

Response format Will they need to check numbers, letters? Encircle symbols? Will they write their answers in sentences?

Scoring pattern for the responses How will you score the responses? Will it be frequency counting? Will you use statistics?

Reliability and validity of the instrument How will you establish the validity and reliability of your instrument?

Three Ways to Construct an Instrument

  1. Adopt an Instrument - may use an already existing tool that has been utilized by reputable institutions or studies. When an instrument is adopted, there is no need for the researcher to test its validity and reliability because it has already been evaluated by experts.
  2. Modify an Existing Instrument - may change or improve some parts of an instrument borrowed if it does not exactly answer the pre-set research objectives.
  3. Create Your Own Instrument - you should make sure that yours is aligned with the research objectives. You should also be guided by other instruments that are related to your study.

Data Collection Techniques

● Cristobal and Cristobal (2017)

  1. Documentary Analysis - very common method of analyzing data which relies heavily on exploring documents and records that exist within a body, organization, institution, or group. ● Example: ○ Memos, minutes of meetings, financial documents, photographs, posters, databases, videos, and audio records smallest one
  2. Interview - instrument used for interviewing is an interview schedule or an interview protocol. If this will be used, the interviewer must have superb communication skills to generate honest and accurate responses from the participants. ● Unstructured

● Structured ● Semi-structured

  1. Observation - must be done in a concealed manner to get realistic findings. Observers must keep in mind: focus on the observation, concealment, duration, and method of recording the observation. ● Unstructured ● Structured
  2. Physiological Devices - tools measure the physical data from the participants. Among the other data collection techniques, this is considered the most accurate because they provide actual figures. ● Examples: ○ Thermometer, weighing scale, stopwatch, sound meter, stethoscope, and many others.
  3. Psychological Tests - involves testing the personality (personality inventories or projective techniques) of a person including their traits, needs, and values. ● Examples: ○ Personality tests are Beck Depression Inventory and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
  4. Questionnaire - most commonly used by researchers where a list of questions with blanks are provided which will be answered by a number of respondents. ● Structured: Provide possible answers and the respondents just have to choose what best corresponds to them. ● Unstructured: Does not give any possible answer and the respondents may write any answer they want.

Types of Instrument Question

  1. Yes or No - questions are answerable by yes or no
  2. Recognition Type - respondents will choose from a set of possible answers
  3. Completion Type - respondents are to write their answers on provided blanks
  4. Coding Type - the participants assign a number of their preferred choice based on how they perceive the item that is described (ratings)
  5. Subjective Type - respondents provide their comments, suggestions, and opinions about an issue
  6. Combination Type - combination of any of the enumerated type of questions above

How to State Instrument Questions

State questions in an affirmative form. ✔ I am confident in speaking English during class recitations. ✖ I am not confident in speaking English during class recitations.

Avoid questions containing ambiguity such as the use of PLENTY, MANY, FEW, SOMETIMES, AND USUALLY.

✔ Do you review your answers before submitting your test paper? ✖ Do you sometimes review your answers before submitting your test paper?

Avoid double negatives. ✔ Do you agree with the new school policy? ✖ Don’t you disagree with the new school policy?

Avoid questions that require two answers. ✔ Do you aim to graduate with honors? ✖ Do you aim to graduate with honors and receive scholarship for college?

  1. Data collection techniques include documentary analysis, interview, observation, physiological test, psychological test, and questionnaire.
  2. A researcher is not allowed to just throw in questions anyhow he wants, he may choose from various types such as yes or no, recognition, completion, coding, subjective, and combination.
  3. Validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure. There are four types of validity: ● Face ● Content ● Construct ● Criterion
  4. Reliability refers to the consistency of the instrument’s results. It has four types: ● Test–retest ● Equivalent forms ● Internal consistency ● Interrater
  5. Both validity and reliability must be established in crafting a research instrument. If the instrument did not undergo such tests, the whole research report will only go down the drain.