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quantitative research, experimental for grade 11 stem students
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Dorillo St. Passi City SignalBank: An ESP32-Based Offline Wi-Fi Storage and Extender Device A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Passi National High School Passi City, Iloilo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Practical Research Kent Brylle D. Aguilario Melissa Ann Balcena Jic Jic Magarzo Alexa Sorianosos
Dorillo St. Passi City Researchers Chapter 1 Introduction of the Study This chapter is divided into seven parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Schematic Diagram (3) System Flowchart, ( 4 ) Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis, ( 5 ) Significance of the Study, ( 6 ) Definition of Terms, and ( 7 ) Scope and Delimitation of the Study. Part One, Background of the Study explains the need for conducting the study. Part Two, Schematic Diagram, shows the external components and how it functions. Part Three, System Flowchart, displays how the device works in the system. Part Four, Statement of the problem and Hypothesis, recognizes the questions which the study aims to answer and the hypotheses to be tested. Part Five, Significance of the Study, identifies the individuals, groups, or organizations that can benefit from the study resources and explains how the study’s findings can help them. Part Six, Definition of Terms, provides both the conceptual and operational definitions of key terminologies. Part Seven, Scope and Delimitation of the Study, provides information on the scope and limitations of the current study.
Dorillo St. Passi City appropriate infrastructure to deliver quality mobile services in developing countries (Shrestha et al., 2010). Austin and Bradley (2005) indicated that accessing and utilizing information and communication technology (ICT) is technically much easier when one has a broadband internet connection. Developing and viewing online OERs would then depend on this factor. Moreover, the Philippines is considered to have the second slowest internet connection in Asia, and broadband internet subscriptions in the country are expensive (Gonzales, 2015). Consequently, according to Hassler and Jackson (2010), this limitation affects the users in accessing the internet effectively and satisfactorily. This, in turn, may influence the learning experience. Therefore, as they have noted, a gap exists between those with ready access to the online OERs and those without such access To address this problem, there are products like mobile hotspots, Wi-Fi signal boosters, specifically TP-link WiFi booster, a device that can improve speeds up to 1,750 mbps (TP- Link, 2020). Satellite internet services such as Starlink that provides high speed, low latency internet without more than 99.99% average uptime and reliable connectivity around the globe (Starlink, 2019). However, these options rely on having a strong network signal. They can also be costly and won't work in places without any connectivity. This leaves a gap that SignalBank wants to fill. The researchers offer a portable device that stores usable internet data in urban areas and provides temporary offline access in rural or signal-dead locations. The researchers will develop SignalBank to
Dorillo St. Passi City address this issue. SignalBank contributes to the achievement of SDG’s 8, 9, 11, and 17 by offering an innovative and cost-effective digital solution that aims to bridge the gap between the connected urban and rural areas. Through the provision of access to stored digital content, the device can contribute to livelihood activities and skills development (SDG 8), innovation through alternative digital infrastructure (SDG 9), and building inclusive and resilient communities through better access to information beyond urban areas (SDG 11). In addition, SignalBank promotes cooperation between schools, local government units, and other organizations in sharing digital resources, emphasizing the role of partnerships in the attainment of sustainable development goals (SDG 17). The device is designed to collect and store internet data while connected in urban areas and make that information available offline when brought to rural places. It combines hardware and software technologies to provide a bridge between connected and unconnected environments, promoting digital inclusion and innovation.This device also uses affordable, but reliable materials. This makes possible the deployment of devices in areas where it was impossible to execute before.
Dorillo St. Passi City System Flowchart Is Wi-Fi Available? Power ON SignalBank
ESP32 Scans for Available Wi-Fi Activate Offline Mode User Access Stored Data Connect to Network Collect Internet Data Store Data in SDcard Ready for Offline Use
NO YE S
Dorillo St. Passi City Figure 2. Presents the system flowchart of SignalBank. When the device is turned on, the ESP32 prepares its Wi-Fi, storage, control functions and scans the surrounding for any available Wi-Fi. If there is a stable connection detected, the device connects to the network, if not, the device undergoes offline mode. When connected, the device gathers data caches from the internet and stores it. Thus, it is ready for offline use. When the device is used in a location without an internet, it switches to offline mode. User can access the stored data through the device without an active internet connection.
Dorillo St. Passi City Significance of the Study This research study entitled “SignalBank: An ESP32-Based Offline Wi-Fi Storage and Extender Device” will be conducted to benefit the following: Local Government Unit (LGU). It will offer a model for community-based digital access projects that could enhance communication and connectivity programs. The findings can be accurate and also guide them in planning future initiatives that focus on digital inclusion that can help others. Community. This study will help communities with poor or unstable internet access by providing a way to store and access online data offline. It can also help houses in the mountain areas to gain access to internet especially ita or indigenous people that has a very limited access to signal because their houses are more located to isolated mountain areas. Student s. It will allow students to download lessons and study materials in areas with strong internet and use them later in low-signal areas. This can help lessen delays in schoolwork and prevent students from falling behind because of signal issues.
Dorillo St. Passi City Teacher s. It will support teachers in preparing and sharing learning materials even without a live internet connection.This can also lessen their workload since they can store and reuse resources anytime in addition this is also very helpful for those teachers that is assigned in rural schools that they have a very little access to signal in their area. Investors. The project will offer investors a chance to support a low-cost and innovative solution that can benefit under served areas. Also it can presents an opportunity to explore a new market focused on digital access for remote communities. People in far-flung barangay s. It will provide access to stored online information and resources even without continuous internet service.This can help residents stay informed about important updates, services, and school work. School s. It will help schools improve digital learning by allowing offline access to educational content,reducing dependence on internet connectivity.This can support the school’s efforts to integrate more technology in teaching without requiring expensive infrastructure. Travelers & explorers. It will help travelers when they visit rural places with weak network service,especially those who often post updates on social media. This device can support them in saving information,routes, or media even without stable internet in their area. Doctors,Nurses& fireman' s. It can help them in their rescue operation in rural areas where signal is not available, if ever a catastrophic event caused by natural forces that results in widespread death, injury, or destruction of property and the environment.
Dorillo St. Passi City In this study, the ESP32 will handle all operations connecting to the internet (when available) will store data into the SD card, and will serve that stored data to users later when offline. It will also control LEDs, handle user input, and manage signal caching. Jumper wires. Jumper wires are electrical wires with connector pins at each end. They are used to connect two points in a circuit without soldering (Hemmings, 2018). In this study, jumper wires will be used to make temporary connections between the components on the breadboard, allowing you to set up and test the circuit. Low Noise Amplifier (LNA). A Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is a fundamental component within a receiver that plays a crucial role in boosting weak incoming signals while introducing minimal additional noise (Elliott, 2023). In this study, the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) will also be used to boost the internet speed received from the antenna. MicroSD Card. A microSD card, short for Micro Secure Digital card, is a highly compact and portable memory card used extensively in modern digital devices to store and transfer data (Johnson, 2021). In this study, the MicroSD Card will function as the storage medium where all downloaded or cached online content will be saved for offline use. MicroSD Card Module. A MicroSD Card Module is an interface board that allows microcontrollers to communicate with and access the data stored on a microSD card via the SPI protocol (Johnson, 2021). In this study, the MicroSD Card Module will be used by the ESP32 to store cached internet data that users will be able to access later while offline.
Dorillo St. Passi City Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study entitled “Signal Bank: An ESP32-based Offline Wi-Fi Storage and Signal Booster Device” aims to provide collected and stored internet data while connected in urban areas and make that information available offline to rural areas. It utilizes readily available components, including an antenna, breadboard, ESP32, jumper wires, LED, low noise amplifier (LNA), MicroSD card, and microSD module. This study will be conducted in a household setting. Although this study aims to provide offline data to rural areas. It also has its own limitation. In this study the SignalBank has minimal storage; when used, this limits the use and also limits the data that can be stored in the device. This study is short-lived, performed under extreme weather conditions, and hinders the connections to the router, making it impossible for the device to succeed. Additionally, factors such as signal corruption, signal loss, slowed speed, and connection drops were not included in the study scope.
Dorillo St. Passi City Part Three, ESP32 as a Standalone Web Server and Edge Device, emphasizes decentralized architecture, web server opeartion, file systems, and reliability techniques. Part Four, ESP32 microcontroller's application in data transmission and reception systems, reflects the study’s focus on caching, relaying, communication range and IoT networking. Part Five, Related Studies, discusses some other topics related to our study. Part Six, Summary, gives a brief overall summary General Overview of ESP32’s Capabilities The ESP32, developed by Espressif, is a powerful and inexpensive microcontroller that has become a benchmark in the IoT and home automation industries. It is characterized by its dual-core processing power and high energy efficiency with dedicated deep-sleep modes for battery life preservation. The chip's connectivity is highly versatile, it offers both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi functions that allow it to operate either as a network client or as an independent access point. Beyond its hardware strengths, which include a range of input/output interfaces from touch sensors to standard communication protocols, the ESP32 is widely accessible to developers through support for popular programming environments such as the Arduino IDE and MicroPython. Evolution of ESP
Dorillo St. Passi City Starting from the original SoC in 2016, which was focused on Wi-Fi 4 (802.11b/g/n) and 2.4 GHz Bluetooth solutions, there has been a significant evolution in the ESP32 series toward the very specialized AIoT ecosystem that is available today (Espressif Systems, 2016). Early models provided affordable SSL/TLS security for hobbyist applications. At the same time, contemporary variants of the ESP32 series, such as the ESP32-C6, have expanded the solution set into Wi-Fi 6. It leverages the 802.11ax Target Wake Time to substantially reduce battery consumption (Espressif Systems, 2016). By 2026, the series has matured with the introduction of Wi-Fi 6E operating in the 6 GHz band, achieving gigabit speeds and integrating multiprotocol support for the Matter standard (IEEE Xplore, 2024). This transition reflects a move toward high- performance "Edge AI" and unified smart home integration, solidifying the ESP32's place in modern distributed computing (CSA-IOT, 2025). ESP32 as a Standalone Web Server and Edge Device The working of an ESP32 as a standalone web server is essentially based on a decentralized edge computing architecture where onboard processing handles the data without cloud infrastructures. Using client-server architecture, ESP32 can either work in "Station Mode" in an already available network or as a "Soft Access Point" to create an independent Wi-Fi hotspot (Random Nerd Tutorials, 2024). For managing onboard storage, it uses a Virtual File System that segregates flash memory between firmware and user data, using LittleFS typically for its resilience to power loss (Espressif Systems, 2024). Secondly, state-of-the-art implementations focus on asynchronous Web server theories that use non-blocking I/O to manage multiple requests without halting the real- time logic (NextPCB, 2024). Long-term reliability is ensured through wear leveling
Dorillo St. Passi City low packet loss. The results showed that the ESP32 can temporarily store and handle data before sending it to other nodes, supporting its use in expanding communication coverage and preserving data flow stability. Overall, the study verified that the ESP32 is appropriate for uses in Internet of Things networks that call for dependable wireless data transmission, reception, and data buffering. Aguilario and Curate (2025) designed BASKUG, an inexpensive Wi-Fi signal range booster using the ESP8266 microcontroller for wireless reception, processing, and retransmission. Like the ESP32 in the SignalBank system, the ESP8266 serves as an appropriate wireless communication interface for processing and performing both wireless data reception and transmission in extender systems. The performance evaluation at different times of the day and in conditions where the weather was unfavorable revealed significant improvements in upload, download, and latency levels in networks where the device was employed. This research proves the feasibility and applicability of using microcontroller technologies in designing wireless communication range extenders and proves further upgraded platforms, including ESP32 with its faster processing capabilities and double-core configurations, can contribute better results in caching, range extension, and reliability in wireless communication systems.
Dorillo St. Passi City Summary Chapter 2 presented the related literature and studies that validated the construction of the ESP32-Based Offline Wi-Fi Storage and Extender Device. The chapter introduced the key functions of the ESP32, which are its powerful processing capacities, power efficiency, as well as inherent Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, making it a perfect candidate for IoT and networking tasks. The chapter also delved into the history of development of the ESP32, which began with Wi-Fi 4 technology and further escalated to Wi-Fi 6, 6E, and Edge AI-ready models. Additionally, the review also elucidated the function of the ESP32 as a stand- alone web server and edge device, which includes decentralized architecture, management of data storage, asynchronous communication, and reliability. Moreover, the
