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ICT Practical Research 1
Nature of Inquiry and Research - Importance of Research in Daily Lives
Re - again Search - examine closely or carefully
Research ● Baraceros, 2016 - research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking ● Leedy and Ormrod, 2013 - research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned
Practical research aims to discover truths about topics that interests or affects the researcher(s) in order to improve
Inquiry ● Exploring questions and problems that lead to further understanding and knowledge. It involves asking questions, gathering information, and reflecting on what is discovered.
Inquiry and Research ● They are interconnected ; inquiry often leads to research. Inquiry begins with curiosity and questions, while research provides a structured approach to answering those questions. Inquiry stimulates the desire to learn more, and research systematically explores and verifies the answers. Essentially, inquiry can be the starting point for research , and research can deepen the understanding initiated by inquiry.
Importance of Research in Daily Lives
- Rolfe, 2002 - Research aims for truth
- Bornmann, 2013 - Research improves the quality of human life
- Cancer Research UK, 2019 - Research saves life
- Igwenagu, 2016 - Research gathers necessary information
- Lee, Tran, and Lee, 2007 - Research explores humanity
Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research
Characteristics
- Empirical - based on observations and experiments of theories
- Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedure, based on valid procedures and principles
- Controlled - all variables, except those that are tested/experimented on are constant
- Employs Hypothesis - search for facts, answers to questions, and solutions to problems
- Analytical - shows analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and/or case study
- Objective - unbiased and logical, all findings are logically based on real-life situations
- Original Work - requires examination and produces the data needed to complete the study
Research Processes (Prieto, et. al, 2017)
- Define Research Problem - What is the problem?
- Review of Related Literature - What evidence is already presented?
- Formulating Hypothesis - How are we going to find/look for the answers to the questions being studied?
- Research Design - Where will the study be shown and with what population?
- Collecting Data - Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data?
- Analyzing Data - How do the data answer the research queries?
- Interpret and Report - What are the implications of the results?
Ethical Principles of Research
- Minimize the risk of harm a. Will it harm participants? b. Will it cause discomfort and distress? c. Will it exploit social disadvantages? d. Will it harm the identity and anonymity of the respondents? e. Will it cause a financial burden to all the participants?
- Get information/Obtain informed consent a. Participants are volunteers b. Write a letter c. Permission to go undercover d. Cite and refer
- Protect anonymity and confidentiality - Data Privacy Act of 2012 , the processing of sensitive personal information for unauthorized purposes shall be penalized by imprisonment ranging from two (2) years to seven (7) years and a fine of not less than five hundred thousand pesos (500,000) but not more than two million pesos (2,000,000) shall be imposed on persons processing sensitive personal information for purposes not authorized by the data subject, or otherwise authorized under this act or existing laws.
- Avoid deceptive practices a. Making false promises to informants/respondents b. Faking your data
Research Design
● Plan that guides the researcher in organizing the study
Qualitative Research Design ● Case Studies ● Ethnography ● Phenomenology ● Historical Analysis ● Grounded Theory ● Content and Discourse Analysis
- Case Studies - involve a long-time and in-depth study of a person, group, organization or situation/phenomena. Often used to narrow down a very broad field of research into one or a few easily researchable examples. Also useful for testing whether a specific theory and model actually applies to phenomena in the real world. ● Manner of conversation ● Expressions used ● Known vocabulary words
and practice of a specific group of people
immersion; done within a specific time frame
Phenomenology To provide a detailed discussion of the meaningful experiences of participants
Interviews, observations, focus group discussions; done at a specific time
Historical Analysis To identify the connections between past and present events
Analysis of primary sources of data; may involve interviews with experts of the topic
Content and Discourse Analysis
To analyze different modes of communication to determine possible differences
Analysis (or examination) of text or content of the different modes of communication
Grounded Theory To discover a possible explanation behind a particular phenomenon
Interviews, observations, fieldwork, study of artifacts and texts
● Qualitative research is characterized by the involvement of the opinions, ideas, beliefs, and perspectives of selected participants as a result of their meaningful experiences. ● Much like quantitative research, qualitative research also has various research designs, each with characteristics and procedures that would help a researcher achieve his objectives. ● When deciding to conduct qualitative research, it is necessary that researchers become familiar with how each qualitative research design is different in order to determine which is most suitable for their research goals.
Keywords/Clues
- Case Study - long term, in-depth examination of a specific case
- Ethnography - immersion in a culture, belief system, or community; linked to anthropology
- Phenomenology - study of unique, lived human experience
- Historical Analysis - use of primary sources to connect the past with the present
- Content and Discourse Analysis - focus on communication, patterns, and modes of expression
- Grounded Theory - discovery-oriented; explains “why” and “how” through data analysis
Quantitative Research Design
- Experimental ● True Experimental - aims to determine causal relationships among variables. Relies on statistical analysis to approve or disprove a hypothesis. Considered as the most accurate type of experimental design. Maybe conducted with or without a pre-test. Involves a control group and a test group. ○ Variable manipulation ○ Random selection of participants ○ Conducted in a controlled setting ○ Intervention is present ● Quasi-Experimental - aims to determine causal relationships among variables. Bears resemblance to true experimental research (but different ). Participants are not randomly assigned. Involves conduct of pretest and posttest. ○ Variable manipulation
○ Conducted in a controlled setting ○ Intervention is present
- Non-Experimental ● According to Purpose: Survey Research - makes use of questionnaires , interviews , and surveys. No intervention is applied. Variables are not controlled/manipulated. Done to gather evidence on people’s knowledge , opinions , attitudes , and values on various issues and concerns. ○ Record and tally the responses ○ Analyze and interpret tallied data ○ Come up with conclusions ● According to Purpose: Correlational Research - no intervention is applied. Does not aim to determine cause and effect relationships. Variables are not controlled/manipulated. Seeks to interpret the degree of relationship between two or more variables using statistical data. ○ Gather needed data ○ Apply correct statistical treatment ○ Analyze and interpret treated data ○ Reject or accept the hypothesis ● According to Time: Cross-Sectional - comparisons are made across variables of interest. Involves gathering data at a single point in time. Focuses on the same set of variables. ● According to Time: Longitudinal - collects data from the present and again in the future. Done for the purpose of comparing data sets. Data is collected at multiple points in time. Cross-Sectional Longitudinal
Same set of variable with other variables of interest ● Observational ● Compare data ● No intervention ● No variable
Same variable and same subjects
Data is collected at a single point in time
Data is collected multiple times
Takes relatively short amount of time to finish
May take a long time before completion
Experimental Non-Experimental
Involves manipulation of variables
Involve numeric data No manipulation of variables
Intervention is present Involve statistics No intervention done
Research Gaps
● Traditional theories of learning may not fully explain Gen Z students’ use of AI tools and social media in learning.
How to Spot a Research Gap?
- Read post studies and look for what they did not answer.
- Check the recommendations for future research in journal studies.
- Notice contradictions between studies.
- Think of your community, school, or age group — are they represented?
- Reflect if the research is still up to date with current times.
Review of Related Literature
● Critical and analytical discussion of existing research, theories, and scholarly work.
Literature - refers to theories, concepts, principles, and frameworks from books, scholarly articles, and other secondary sources. Studies - refers to actual completed research works, often with methods, findings, and analysis.
Importance
- Position your study within an existing scholarship.
- Identify key theories, methodologies, and themes.
- Highlight gaps that your study will address.
- Establish a theoretical or conceptual framework.
- Demonstrate scholarly maturity and credibility.
Characteristics ● Relevant, recent, and sufficient
3-Step RRL Process ● Locate → Organize → Write and Synthesize
- Locate - start with keywords ● Extract the main concepts from your title ● Include synonyms ● Platforms (Google Scholar, ERIC, School library databases, ResearchGate, JSTOR, and Government/Academic Portals) ● Boolean Search Operators (AND, OR, Quotation marks (“”), Parentheses (), and Minus sign (-) ● Screen Sources (Peer-reviewed, related to your variables, and recent) ● Organize Findings
- Organize ● Chronological: Arranged by publication date, by year to show evolution ● Thematic Organization: Grouped by topic or recurring theme ● Methodological: Organized by research designs or data collection methods ● Theoretical: Centers the review on theories, models, or conceptual frameworks that explain your topic ● Hybrid: Combines two or more ways
- Write and Synthesize
● Introduction: Clear paper’s focus/thesis, logical transition to review, rationale for source selection, how data is organized, and smooth transition to the body ● Body: Theme label/subtopic, citations of sources, explanation of subcategory/key findings, relevance/connection, and mini-synthesis ● Grand Synthesis: Summary of key findings, identification of of gaps, connection to your study, and smooth, cohesive writing
Basic Parts of Research Title
- Research Goal or Result - target of the study, what you want to: ● Investigate, examine, describe, explain, and explore
- Research Variables - quantitative variables (independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), categorical variable (CV)
- Research Locale - place where the study will be held
Quantitative = Goal + IV + DV + Locale Qualitative = Goal + CV + DV + Locale
Do’s and Dont’s
- Avoid using abbreviations.
- Use words that create a positive impression and stimulate the reader's interest.
- Use current terminology from the field of study.
- Identify key variables, both dependent and independent.
- Suggest a relationship between variables which supports the major hypothesis.
- Limit 10 to 15 substantive words.
- Do not include “study of”, “analysis of”, or similar constructions
- Titles are usually in the form of a phrase, but can also be in the form of a question.
- Use correct grammar and capitalization with all first words and last words capitalized.
- All nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that appear between the first and last words of the title are also capitalized.
- Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.
S.M.A.R.T ● S pecific: Clear about what, where, when, and how; ● M easurable: Able to quantify the targets and benefits; ● A ttainable: Able to achieve the objectives; ● R elevant: Appropriate to the current time period or circumstances;and ● T ime bound: Stating the time period in which the study will be accomplished.
Research Variables
● Goal: Refers to the specific objective of the study. ● Independent Variable: Are not affected by any other variable. ● Dependent Variable: Are affected by the independent variable. ● Categorical Variable: A non-numerical variable, categorized through description, theme, and code (Levels of satisfaction, kinds of perception, degrees of performance, practices, promotion, importance, and developing). ● Locale: The specific area where the study is to be conducted.
