Introduction to Computing Systems - Computing System - Lecture Slides, Slides of Computer Science

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Introduction to Computing Systems

CT101 – Computing Systems

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Computing System Components

• Hardware – provides the physical mechanisms to

input and output data, manipulating data and

controlling the various input, output, storage and

communication components

• Software – both application and system, which

provides instructions that tell the hardware exactly

what tasks are to be performed and in what order

• Data being manipulated – can be alphanumeric,

graphic or any other form. In all cases it is

represented in a form that the computer will

understand and manipulate

Architecture versus Organization

• Architecture
  • Refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer
    • The architecture of a CPU is actually its instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, addressing techniques, etc…
• Organization
  • Refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications - Hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals between different functional units, memory type (i.e. dynamic RAM or static RAM, etc…), registers type (static or dynamic), etc..
• It is an architectural issue whether a computer will have or not a specific instruction (i.e. multiply), but it is an organization issue whether that instruction will be implemented by a special arithmetic unit or it will be implemented using the adder of the system by repetitive add operations

Structure versus Function

• Computing systems are complex machines made out of

millions and millions of different components.

• How can one clearly describe them??
• The key is to recognize the hierarchical nature of most complex systems, including the computer.
• Hierarchical system organized in a number of levels. Each level is characterized by structure and function:
• Structure: the way the components are

interconnected

• Function: the operation of each individual

component as part of the structure

Computing Systems Function

• Data Processing
  • Fundamental types of data
  • Fundamental types of processing
• Data Storage
  • Short term storage
  • Long term storage
• Data Movement
  • Input/Output for devices directly connected (peripherals)
  • Data communication for moving data over long distances
• Control
  • External (users)
  • Internal (manage resources)

Operating System Environment (Source and Destination of Data)

Data Movement

Control Mechanism

Data Storage

Data Processing

kernel Memory Manager

File Manager

Device I/O Manager

User Interface

Operating System Components

Application Programming Interface

Review Question 1

Architecture of a CPU refers to:

A. Instruction set and way of interaction with the programmer

B. Details on how the instructions are implemented C. Details on how various subsystems (Arithmetic and Logic Unit, Registers and Control Unit) are interconnected

D. I don’t know

Review Question 3

Out of the possible options below, identify the one

that is NOT part of a computing system structure

A. CPU

B. Memory

C. Buses D. Data