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Electronics Manufacturing Standards: IPC-A-610 Key Concepts Q&A, Exams of Electrical Engineering

Western Governors University (WGU)Electrical Engineering

A question and answer format overview of key concepts related to the ipc-a-610 standard for electronics manufacturing. It covers topics such as product classes, defect conditions, soldering, conformal coating, and electrostatic discharge (esd) prevention. It is useful for individuals seeking certification or a better understanding of electronics assembly acceptance criteria. The document also includes information on inspection methodology, certification programs, and material handling.

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 11/15/2025

Smartsolutions
Smartsolutions 🇺🇸

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Class 1 Product - ANSWER General Electronics Product - includes products
where the major requirement is function of the completed assembly.
Class 2 Product - ANSWER Dedicated Service Electronic Product - Continued
performance and extended life required. Uninterrupted service is desired but not
required.
Class 3 Product - ANSWER High Performance Electrical Product - Continued high
performance or performance-on-demand is critical. Equipment downtime cannot
be tolerated. Equipment might be used for life-support or other critical systems.
Who as the ultimate responsibility for identifying the class to which the assembly
is evaluated? - ANSWER The Customer.
Shall - ANSWER Invokes a requirement for manufacturers of all classes or
product, and failure to comply with the requirement is a noncompliance to this
standard.
Order of Precedence in event of conflict 1 - ANSWER 1. Procurement as agreed
and documented between customer and supplier.
Order of Precedence in event of conflict 2 - ANSWER Master drawing or master
ass. drawing reflecting the customer's detailed requirements.
Order of Precedence in event of conflict 3 - ANSWER IPC-1-610 when invoked by
the customer or contract.
If documents other than IPC-A-610 are cited, the order of precedence shall be
defined in the _ - ANSWER Procurement documents
Target Condition - ANSWER A condition that is close to perfect, but is not always
achievable and may not be necessary to ensure the reliability of the assembly.
Acceptable Condition - ANSWER A condition that, while not necessarily perfect,
will maintain integrity and reliability of the assembly
Defect Condition - ANSWER The form, fit or function of the assembly is
inadequate for use in its end use environment.
A defect for Class 1... - ANSWER automatically implies a defect for Class 2 and 3.
A defect for Class 2 implies a defect for Class 3.
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Class 1 Product - ANSWER General Electronics Product - includes products where the major requirement is function of the completed assembly. Class 2 Product - ANSWER Dedicated Service Electronic Product - Continued performance and extended life required. Uninterrupted service is desired but not required. Class 3 Product - ANSWER High Performance Electrical Product - Continued high performance or performance-on-demand is critical. Equipment downtime cannot be tolerated. Equipment might be used for life-support or other critical systems. Who as the ultimate responsibility for identifying the class to which the assembly is evaluated? - ANSWER The Customer. Shall - ANSWER Invokes a requirement for manufacturers of all classes or product, and failure to comply with the requirement is a noncompliance to this standard. Order of Precedence in event of conflict 1 - ANSWER 1. Procurement as agreed and documented between customer and supplier. Order of Precedence in event of conflict 2 - ANSWER Master drawing or master ass. drawing reflecting the customer's detailed requirements. Order of Precedence in event of conflict 3 - ANSWER IPC- 1 - 610 when invoked by the customer or contract. If documents other than IPC-A-610 are cited, the order of precedence shall be defined in the _ - ANSWER Procurement documents Target Condition - ANSWER A condition that is close to perfect, but is not always achievable and may not be necessary to ensure the reliability of the assembly. Acceptable Condition - ANSWER A condition that, while not necessarily perfect, will maintain integrity and reliability of the assembly Defect Condition - ANSWER The form, fit or function of the assembly is inadequate for use in its end use environment. A defect for Class 1... - ANSWER automatically implies a defect for Class 2 and 3. A defect for Class 2 implies a defect for Class 3.

Disposition - ANSWER The determination of how defects should be treated. These include rework, use as is, scrap, and repair. Who dispositions defect conditions? - ANSWER The manufacturer, based on design, service and customer requirements. Process Indicator Conditions - ANSWER A condition (not a defect) that does not affect the form, fit or function of a product. Process indicators should be... - ANSWER monitored as part of the process control system Is disposition of individual process indicators required? - ANSWER No, and affected products should be used as-is. Conditions Not Specified - ANSWER A condition that is neither a defect, nor a process indicator. A condition not specified may be considered acceptable unless it can be established that the condition affects user-defined form, fit or function. Primary Side - ANSWER The side of a packaging or interconnecting structure (PCB) defined as primary on the master drawing. This is usually the side with the most complex or greatest number of components. The Primary Side is also known as... - ANSWER the component side, or the solder destination side (in through-hole mounting technology). Solder source side - ANSWER The side of the PCB to which solder is applied. This is usually the secondary side, but might be the primary side in some cases. Solder Destination Side - ANSWER The side of the PCB that the solder flows toward in through-hole technology. The destination is is normally the primary side of the PCB, but might be the secondary side in some cases. Cold Solder Connection - ANSWER A solder connection that exhibits poor wetting and that is characterized by a grayish porous appearance. What can cause a cold solder connection? - ANSWER Excessive impurities in the solder, inadequate cleaning prior to the soldering, and/or insufficient application of heat during the soldering process. Any violation of minimal electrical clearance is a... - ANSWER defect condition for all classes.

Antistatic (low charging) packaging materials - ANSWER Used to provide inexpensive cushioning and intermediate packaging for ESD sensitive (ESDS) items. Are eating, drinking or use of tobacco products in the work area permitted? - ANSWER No. Should work areas be kept clean and neat? - ANSWER Yes. What are typical contaminants that might cause soldering and coating problems?

  • ANSWER Body salts and oils, and unauthorized hand creams. What should be done to prevent ESD and EOS damage to sensitive components?
  • ANSWER All handling, unpacking and assembly shall be performed at a static- controlled workstation. Lane width or land diameter of >=.25 to <=.5mm will have a ... - ANSWER magnification power inspection range of 7.5x to 10x and a maximum referee of 20x. A main goal of the IPC Professional Training and Certification Programs is to... - ANSWER provide an understanding of accept/reject criteria to enhance an individual's ability and motivation to consistently and correctly apply the technical discrimination criteria. How long are IPC certs good for? - ANSWER Master IPC Trainer, Certified IPC Trainer, and Certified IPC Specialist certifications expire after two years. Certification is valid through the last day of the month, regardless of the day of the month the certification was granted. IPC Certifications are personal and portable credentials... - ANSWER granted to individuals, not the employing company. Certifications are personal property and are retained when changing employment. Certified IPC Specialist recertification may be provided by... - ANSWER any Master IPC Trainer or Certified IPC Trainer. Certified IPC Trainers are authorized to grant a single extension of _ days to a certified IPC specialist. Such exceptions should be noted on the certification document. - ANSWER 90 What does a certified IPC specialist training program accomplish? - ANSWER Certified IPC Specialist training programs will train, test and certify in the correct application of the criteria for all product classes.

Materials authorized for reproduction by the user will be so identified and provided by IPC in ____ format, e.g. student training materials (previously called student handbooks) - ANSWER electronic An applicant who completes the training course but fails to pass the certification measurement criteria can retest not sooner than 24 hours nor more than _ days following the original testing, except as authorized in writing by IPC's director of certification. - ANSWER 90 Who do you swear to? - ANSWER BATMAN 3 types of Conformal Coating: Acrylic Resin (AR) - ANSWER This type of coating provides FAIR elasticity and general protection. It has high dielectric strength, and fair moisture and abrasion resistance. This coating is different from others because its facility for removal. This type are EASILY and quickly removed by a variety of solvents, often without requiring agitation. This makes rework and field repair very practical and economical. This type doesn't protect against solvents and solvent vapors. 3 types of Conformal Coating: Silicone Resin (SR) - ANSWER This type of coating provides EXCELLENT protection in a very wide temperature range. This coating provides good chemical resistance, moisture, and salt spray resistance, and is very flexible. This type is NOT abrasion resistant because of its rubbery nature, but this property does make it resilient against vibrational stresses. Commonly used in high-humidity environments. Removal can be CHALLENGING. requiring specialized solvents, long soak time, and agitation from a brush. 3 types of Conformal Coating: Urethane (Polyurethane) Resin (UR) - ANSWER This type of coating is known for its EXCELLENT moisture and chemical resistance. It is also very abrasion resistant. Combining those factors with its SOLVENT RESISTANCE results in a conformal coating that is very difficult to remove. Like SR, full removal generally requires special solvents, long soak time, and agitation with a brush. This is common in aerospace application. ex: Conathane 5 Coating application methods: Manual Spraying - ANSWER Aerosol can or handheld spray gun. Time consuming method of coating for a small quantity of boards. Lots of masking beforehand. Quality and consistency of outcome are operator- dependent. 5 Coating application methods: Automated spraying - ANSWER Programmed spray system that moves the board on a CONVEYOR under an alternative spray head that applies a conformal coating.

(6) Most Common Coating Defects and causes: Delamination - ANSWER When coating has lifted up and away from the board. This hinders protection because the area below the coating is left exposed. (Ex:Ripping off more coating after demasking and pulling off too much coating around the area. Causes:

  • too thick of coating
  • coating not adhering to previous coating layer.
  • contamination of surface of the board. (6) Most Common Coating Defects and causes: Orange Peel - ANSWER Coating appears dull, resembling the skin of a fruit or basketball. Causes:
  • substrate is too hot.
  • improper mixture of solvent and coating ratio.
  • environment is too dry during application.
  • Second coat has been applied before the first coat is dry. (6) Most Common Coating Defects and causes: Air Bubbles, Pinholes, and Foam - ANSWER Bubbles occur when pockets of air get trapped under a conformal coating layer. Foam is an extreme form of bubbling, and sometimes bubbles burst through the coating, forming a pinhole. Causes:
  • coating is too viscous.
  • The coating is too thick.
  • application equipment not setup properly. What is the purpose of Conformal Coating? - ANSWER Conformal coatings can be used in a wide range of environments to protect printed circuit boards from moisture, salt spray, chemicals and temperature extremes in order to prevent such things as corrosion, mold growth, and electrical failures. Measuring wet coating (2) Wet Film Comb - ANSWER Most common method to measure wet coating. The gauge consists of a series of combs with different distance between the marked points and the baseline. After placing the comb into the wet coating film, the thickness can be measured in Microns or Mils. Measurement determined by the number between the last tooth coated and the following tooth which is free of coating. Measuring wet coating (2)

Wet Film Wheel - ANSWER Method to measure wet coating using two outer wheels fixed to a central spindle wheel. Thickness is measured by rolling the wheel on the maximum scale towards accurately ground zero. When rolling the wheel on the coated board, the central wheel will touch the coating. The first point of contact on the central wheel determines the wet film thickness. Measling - ANSWER Internal condition occurring in laminated base material in which the glass fibers are separated from the resin at the weave intersection. This condition manifests itself in the form of discrete white spots or crosses below the surface of the base material, and is usually related to THERMALLY INDUCED STRESS. Crazing - ANSWER Internal condition occurring in the laminated base material in which the glass fibers are separated from the resin at the weave intersections. This condition manifests itself in the form of CONNECTED white spots or crosses below the surface of the base material and usually related to MECHANICALLY INDUCED STRESS. Blistering - ANSWER Delamination in the form of a localized swelling and separation between any of the layers of a lamination base material, or between base material and conductive foil or protective coating. Delamination - ANSWER Separation between plies within base material, between a base material and a conductive foil or any other planar separation within a printed board. Weave Texture - ANSWER Surface condition of a base material in which a weave pattern of glass cloth is apparent although the unbroken fibers are completely covered with resin. Weave Exposure - ANSWER Surface condition of a base material in which the unbroken fibers of woven glass cloth are NOT completely covered by resin. Haloing - ANSWER condition existing in the base material in the form of a light area around holes or other machined areas on or below the surface of the base material. Mechanically induced fracturing or delamination on or below the surface of the base material; a Light area around the holes, other machined areas or both. (a light ring around a hole on a circuit board) FOD (Foreign Object Debris) - ANSWER A generic term for a substance, debris, particulate matter or article alien to the assembly or system. ex: wire and lead clippings, hair, dust, non-ESD safe objects. Solder Mask Coating - ANSWER Heat-resisting coating material applied to selected areas to prevent the deposition of solder upon those areas during

  • the solder connection _____ angle shall not exceed 90 Degrees.
  • _____ CANNOT always be judged by surface appearance. The acceptable solder connection shall indicate evidence of _____ and adherence where the solder blends to the soldered surface. Non-Wetting - ANSWER The inability of molten solder to form a metallic bond with the basis metal.