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Practical Research 1

Quarter 3 – Module 3 :

Quantitative and Qualitative

Research

Practical Research 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Research First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan Office Address: Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan Telefax: (04 7 ) 237 - 2102 E-mail Address: [email protected]

SENIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author : Debbie S. Labrador Co-Author – Language Editor : Niljoy G. Senina Co-Author – Content Evaluator : Roanne S.J. Tolentino Co-Author – Illustrator : Joshua D. Hernandez Co-Author – Layout Artist : Jexter D. Demerin Team Leaders: School Head : Marijoy B. Mendoza, EdD LRMDS Coordinator : Karl Angelo R. Tabernero SDO-BATAAN MANAGEMENT TEAM: Schools Division Superintendent : Romeo M. Alip, PhD, CESO V OIC- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent : William Roderick R. Fallorin, CESE Chief Education Supervisor, CID : Milagros M. Peñaflor, PhD Education Program Supervisor, LRMDS : Edgar E. Garcia, MITE Education Program Supervisor, AP/ADM : Romeo M. Layug Education Program Supervisor, Senior HS : Danilo S. Caysido Project Development Officer II, LRMDS : Joan T. Briz Division Librarian II, LRMDS : Rosita P. Serrano REGIONAL OFFICE 3 MANAGEMENT TEAM: Regional Director : May B. Eclar, PhD, CESO III Chief Education Supervisor, CLMD : Librada M. Rubio, PhD Education Program Supervisor, LRMS : Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD Education Program Supervisor, ADM : Nestor P. Nuesca, EdD

Lesson

Quantitative and Qualitative

Research

In the previous lessons, you were oriented with the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research. Aside from them, you also need to know the two broad categories of research. They can be identified by the type of methodology used such as quantitative and qualitative. The research method determines the way on how the researcher will identify, collect, and analyze relevant data for his/her research. As a student- researcher, choosing either qualitative or quantitative research will affect the components of your study. Hence, you need to recognize the similarities and differences between them. What’s In Create different interesting questions that you wonder about. Start with the following interrogative pronouns. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. Who

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2. What

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3. When

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4. Where

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5. Why

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6. How

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Now, reflect on those questions you have listed. What will you do to answer them? What methods are you going to use? Well, that’s what you will learn in this module. You will be oriented with two methods that you can use in solving problems or answering research questions. Remember that the type of information you will get depends on the type of questions you ask. Notes to the Teacher This module prepares the learners to know the similarities and differences between quantitative and qualitative research that will guide them in choosing the appropriate methodologies to be used in their future research.

What is It Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017) There are two broad categories of research methodology: quantitative research and qualitative research. The method to be used in conducting a research will determine the approach the researcher takes in identifying relevant data, and collecting and analyzing the information gathered in the research. Choosing either a quantitative or qualitative approach will affect the components of the research. For instance, a researcher may decide to undertake a scientific research. If he/she takes a quantitative approach, he/she will use statistical data to provide an explanation of the phenomenon. On the other hand, if the researcher chooses qualitative approach, the goal of the study will be to discuss and analyze the underlying concepts and theories related to the research topic. For you to easily understand the similarities and differences between the two research methods, here is a short definition of terms that you have to be familiar with.

• contact time – the period when the researcher interacts with the research subjects or participants to obtain relevant information
• hypothesis – a statement usually predicting the relationship between variables that can be tested by scientific research
• outlier – a statistical observation in a set of data that is inconsistent with the majority of the data
• output replicability – capable of repetition, imitation or reproduction
• research instrument – a measurement tool designed to obtain, measure and analyze data from research subjects around the research topic
• sample size – the number of subjects to be taken from the target population of the study
• trend – an assumed development in the future that will have a long-term and lasting effect; prevailing style or preference
• validity – the functional quality of research instrument on obtaining data and producing results based on the purpose of the study
• variable – any characteristic that can have different values or traits that may vary across research participants

Now, study the following table cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017) from the Social Science Research Extension Institute (SSREI), University of the Philippines (UP)-Baguio (2009). Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Aims to characterize trends and patterns Involves processes, feelings, and motives (the why’s and the how’s) and produces in-depth and holistic data Usually starts with either a theory or hypothesis about the relationship between two or more variables Usually concerned with generating hypothesis from data rather than testing a hypothesis Uses structured research instruments like questionnaires or schedules Uses either unstructured or semi- structured instruments Uses large sample sizes that are representatives of the population Uses small sample sizes chosen purposely Has high output replicability Has high validity Used to gain greater understanding of group similarities Used to gain greater understanding of individual differences in terms of feelings, motives, and experiences Uses structured processes Uses more flexible processes Methods include census, survey, experiment, and secondary analysis Methods include field research, case study, and secondary analysis Generally, quantitative and qualitative research differs on the type of data they produce. The former dwells on the collection of numerical data analyzed by statistical analysis, while the latter deals with descriptive, in-depth and holistic data analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and interpreting. On this note, you need to use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test a theory or hypothesis and use qualitative research if you want to understand concepts, thoughts and experiences.

Do you want to know more? Read and analyze the following table from “What is Qualitative Research” by Alasuutari ( 2011 ) to be deeply acquainted with quantitative and qualitative research based on different categories. Category Quantitative Qualitative Question Domains Who, What, When, Where How, What, Why Common Sample Size 150 to 200+ 10 to 15 Contact Time 10 to 20 minutes 45 to 240 minutes each Validity Must be true of most of the data or nomothetic (law- oriented) Must be true of each case or ideographic (case-oriented) Variables Define relationships and establish general case Describe relationship and establish meaning structures and contexts Outliers Unique positions lost to the weight of the average Valuable descriptive cases with unique access to average cases Examples Surveys, numerical counts, statistical analyses, mathematical modeling Interviews, literature content reviews, real world observations, case studies, ethnographies

Here are some examples of research conducted by Abdullah (2019; 2020) to give you a glimpse on how the two methodologies can be applied in different studies. Qualitative Research 1: Qualitative Research 2 :

• K-Pop Apocalypse: Invading Filipino Cultures This study aimed to explore why Filipino cultures are invaded by the K-Pop mania. In this research, the researcher used survey and descriptive method to determine the reasons and venues of where Filipinos would usually find out about K-pop. Their answers would then help the researcher gather data on the awareness of the respondents regarding K-pop and how it has penetrated their life and culture.
• Livelihood Aspirations and Life Struggles of Badjao People This study aimed to discover the livelihood aspirations and life struggles of Badjao people in the 21st century generation. In this ethnographic research, the researcher employed participant- observation with a combination of unstructured interviews as tools in acquiring data. This involved the use of behavioral analysis and recording of the information gained from participating and observing on daily interactions. Through face-to-face discussions, the respondents’ subjective and detailed personal story can be told. This further granted access to deep knowledge and explanations, and helped in grasping the subjects’ perspective on their livelihood aspirations and life struggles.

What I Have Learned What are the two broad categories of research methods? Fill in the blanks to show how they differ from one another. Write the statements on your notebook. o ______________________________ uses statistical data to explain a phenomenon. o ______________________________ aims to discuss and analyze underlying concepts and theories related to the study. o ______________________________ identifies abstract concepts. o ______________________________ measures numerical results to predict outcomes. You can also express your new learnings on your notebook:

Assessment Read and analyze the following concepts. Then, categorize them into what type of research method they belong to. Use the given table below and accomplish it on your notebook. ❖ The researcher is an objective observer. ❖ There is one concrete reality being governed by unchanging natural laws that can explain any given phenomenon. ❖ The researcher is part of the context and intrinsically linked to the findings. ❖ Concerns of bias are not part of research because the researcher is transparent. ❖ There is one true reality regardless of context. ❖ A phenomenon can be understood by studying its component parts. ❖ Conditions must be carefully controlled to prevent unwanted influences. ❖ Reality is context-specific. ❖ A phenomenon can be understood only when studied as a whole. ❖ Reality is socially and experientially constructed – resulting in multiple realities of a phenomenon. Quantitative Research Qualitative Research ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

References Abdullah, Samsudin N. 2019. Academia. Accessed June 2020. https://www.academia.edu/40867036/Qualitative_Research_for_Seni or_High_School_Students?sm=b. —. 2020. Academia. Accessed June 2020. https://www.academia.edu/43200572/Use_of_Supplemental_Learnin g_Materials_SLMs_in_Improving_Students_Achievement_and_Attitude s_in_Pre-Calculus. —. 2020. Academia. Accessed June 2020. https://www.academia.edu/40904311/Comparative_Assessment_on_ the_Full_Implementation_of_Senior_High_School_Curriculum_among_ Private_and_Public_High_Schools. Alasuutari, Pertti. 2011. "What is Qualitative Research?" Finland: University of Tampere. Accessed June 2020. http://www.cadwes.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/02/rtc2011_alasuutari_qualitativeresearch.pd f. Cristobal, Amadeo Jr. P; Cristobal, Maura Consolacion D. 2017. Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc. DepEd. 2020. "K to 12 Curriculum Final Most Essential Learning Competencies." Practical Research 1. Department of Education. —. 2016. "K to 12 Curriculum Guide." Practical Research 1. Department of Education. Guba, Egon G.; Lincoln, Yvonna S. 1994. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA. n.d. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/. Lavoie, Matt P. 2015. "A Crash Course in UX Design Research." UX Design. The UX Collective Newsletter. Orlando. Social Science Research and Extension Institute. 2009. "Comparison between Quantitative and Qualitative Research." UP Baguio.