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Identify and explain the significance
1 Eirik the Red
Eirik the Red was a Viking who established the first Norse colony in Greenland during the tenth century. However, he was not the first European to sight North America. This event was important, due to these first settlements led to the first trade between land near the glacier, Iceland and Norway. In addition, this finding of a new land allowed to the pollution of the nature, as a result, Greenland had become such a desert.
2 Humural theory
This was a theory made by Galen and Hippocrates in which the universe is made of 4 elements (describe the elements). Then, people should find a balance among them. This medieval theory has a direct connection with the importance and desire of species. They used to think, according with the theory, that some food may unbalance the elements and that can cause disease. To avoid this problem, species were used as ingredient to equilibrate emerges in it. As a result, species were coveted merchandise.
The Humoral theory, which was developed in ancient Greek by Hippocrates,
3 Catal Huyuk
Catal huyuk has been considered as the first settlement during the Neolithic era. This early settlement could give us and evidence about the consequences of the Agricultural revolution. The style of construction makes the difference, due to their burial practices. The inhabitants constructed their lives over their dead relatives in the upper floors of their houses. In addition, Catal Huyuk housed a quantity between 300 and 4000 people. This amount of people led to the development of labor which resulted in more complex societies with more complex economic activities such as agriculture, manufacturing (pottering), and trade in obsidian.
4 Shi Hungdi
Shi Huandgdi was the first emperor of the Quin dynasty during the age of Empires ( B.C.E-400C.E) the king of the state of Qui
Humoural Theory:
The Homoural theory by Hippocrates, Galen and Avicena, was used by the medieval society as the basis of its medicinal principles. It explains that the Universe is made of 4 elements: air, fire, water and earth; which are connected to the 4 human humours: blood, yellow bile, phlegm and black bile respectively. Thus, the goal of the medieval medicine was to find a balance between these elements an humours through the food they consumed. Dr. Guerson explained this in order to make an introduction to spices, which according to the medieval society, were used to improve their food and in consequence, reach the balance of the human humours.
The Secret History of the Mongols:
“The secret History of the Mongols” is a primary source wrote in 1240 by the Mongols as an account of the expansion of its empire since the early years of Genghis Khan, who was its founder, until the reign of his successor Ogodei. Specifically, it refers to the war in which the Naiman, a Mongolian southern ethnic group, was defeated by Genghis Khan and his warriors, giving way to the settlement of the Mongol empire. This source was mentioned by Dr. Guerson as a clear example of the constructive side of the legacy of the Mongols, and as a proof of that although the Mongols brought destruction to the lands they conquered, they also offered them prosperity. Furthermore, the significance of this source is based on the fact that it constitutes one of the few documents that express the expansion of the empire from the point of view of the Mongols theirselves.
Seljuk Turks:
The Seljuk Turks were a Muslim Turkish confederation that defeated the Byzantine Empire in 1071 at Manzikert. Alexius Comnenus, which was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, was worried about the Muslim Turkish conquers that by 1092 had made the Seljuk Turks Empire reached its greatest expanse in Asia Minor. Thus, Alexius sent a request to the papacy for help in obtaining western European troops for regain these lands from the Turks. This was mentioned by Dr. Guerson in roder to introduce the origin of the First Crusade.
Ban Zhao
Ban Zhao was the first Chinese women historian. She was the female who promoted the Confucianism in classical China, mainly adapting that doctrine to women in society at that time because Confucius had forgotten them in his moral lessons. In her work, Lesson for Women, it is clearly stated the moral conduct that women should have as well as how the women’s role was subordinated to men’s. They had to take care of the children and obey their husband, father, and sons. The importance of Ban Zhao is because it was the example in order to illustrate that in theory
6 Legalism
Legalism was a philosophy that appeared during the Qin Dynasty as an alternative to Confucianism. It proposed a unity of China around a centralized government and a common ruler. It promotes a practical and efficient way of managing a state. Also, it is important in order to understand how the unification of China occurred thought the language.
7 Ibn Fadlan (Paul de esta no estoy muy seguro)
He was a 10th-century Arab traveler. In Volga, he was an eyewitness about how the Vikings Rus used to live there and mainly make commerce. His description of the event shows Vikings Rus’
the communities could exchange ideas of math and engineering. This is the proof of the positive aspects of the Mongols´ rule.
13 Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta was an Islam from Tangiers, Morroco who became in one of the most important world travellers during medieval era. He travelled around various trade routes in Europe, Middle East, Asia and Africa during his life for religious beliefs. The reason why he acquired fame was due to the documents and journals about his trips and also for his close relation with some leaders of the Islamic world. This man exemplified the dangers and risks on the Silk Road as well as the importance of religion traveling on it.
14 Emperor Ashoka
The emperor Ashoka was the Indian emperor during the Mauryan Dynasty. Therefore he inherited the throne from his father. He created a commission in order to teach the Dharma in the region and he also expanded the empire to the south. He is an example of the strategies in which they used a set of beliefs to unify and expand empires. Ashoka created a unified system of law in order to facilitate the commerce throughout the country.
15 Zheng He
Zheng He was a Muslin eunuch who worked in expeditions for the Chinese empire during thirty years. He was a close friend of the emperor; for this reason he was the leader in the expeditions for the culture exchange between China and India and Middle East. He was important because his expeditions showed the power of the emperor and the diplomatic and commercial relations with the rest of Asia and some parts of Africa.
16 Four Noble Truths
The Fourth Noble Truths were the steps that the Buddhism made in order to reach the Nirvana state. This state was the most important goal that every Buddhism person wanted to reach in his or her life. The first noble truth claims that all life is infused with suffering. The second one states that the suffering is cause for the desire. The third asserts that the desire can be overcome through Nirvana. The last truth indicates that the way to Nirvana is guided by the Eightfold Path. Its importance is that this set of rules was inclusive to the lower class in India. This is the reason why the Buddhism spread so quickly and was accepted instead of Hinduism.
17 Untouchables
It was the name of the fifth social class in the social system in India during the spread of the Hinduism. In other words the people in this class were outside of the caste system; therefore they suffered of discrimination. The Buddhism erased this social class and that is one of the reasons why this religion obtained more followers. It was an example of how the inhabitants in India
discriminated the poor people. In addition it led to make Buddhism more attractive to the lowest classes and that is one of the reasons why this religion obtained more followers.
18 The Columbian exchange
The Columbia exchange was the interchange of animals, diseases and plants between America and the rest of the world. This exchange started since Christopher Columbus arrived to the Americans with people, diseases and animals. Those diseases killed thousands of natives in the new continent. Moreover, some products like tomato, corn and chocolate started to be cultivated in other parts of the world since the arrive of Columbus to America It was an uneven process that led to the globalization that allowed the exchange of goods, groceries, spices, humans between Europe and America
