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PJM GENERATION DISPATCH EXAM 200 QUESTIONS
& CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025
Which of the following statements is correct concerning PJM assuming frequency control of the restoration process? A) PJM assumes control once an external transmission tie has been established. B) Once an Area Control Error can be calculated, PJM will assume control. C) Whenever it becomes too much of a burden for any one Transmission Owner within the RTO D) Whenever the Transmission Owners within the RTO agree to let PJM control the process. - ANSWER-C) Whenever it becomes too much of a burden for any one Transmission Owner within the RTO During black start restoration, priority access to cranking power should be given to: A) Hot units that can return to service immediately. B) Combustion turbines in areas where the initial disturbance occurred C)Units with black start capability D) Hydro Units - ANSWER-A) Hot units that can return to service immediately. During a restoration, if you are presented with the opportunity to re-connect with the Eastern Interconnection, you should:
A)Not pursue this opportunity because you may cause the Eastern Interconnection to become unstable. B) Pursue this opportunity only when you have adequate Dynamic Reserves on your system C) Pursue this opportunity as quickly as possible D) Pursue this opportunity only if you need cranking power for your generating unity - ANSWER-C) Pursue this opportunity as quickly as possible Complete (Total System) Blackouts are characterized by which of the following? 1 - Most common type of blackout 2 - May require coordinating multiple islands 3 - Likely to result in Transmission overloads or other issues 4 - Affects a very large geographical area, and many customers 5 - Most commonly caused by human or switching errors A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 4 C) 3 & 5 D) 1 - ANSWER-B) 2 & 4 The first step in a system restoration would be to: A) Immediately notify the media of the event
1 - Every 30 minutes 2 - Every hour 3 - Every 10 lines that have been restored 4 - Every 5 lines that have been restored A) 1 & 4 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 3 D) 2 & 4 - ANSWER-C) 1 & 3 Which of the following statements are true concerning delays in restoring auxiliary power to off-line generation? 1 - The unit could suffer turbine shaft damage 2 - The fuel oil for the unit could congeal 3 - The startup time for the unit will be reduced 4 - The battery life used to maintain critical systems may run out A) 1, 2 and 3 B) 1, 2 and 4 C) 1, 3 and 4 D) 2, 3 and 4 - ANSWER-B) 1, 2 and 4 During system restoration, the two categories of reserves are:
A) dynamic and secondary B) spinning and quick start C) dynamic and spinning D) spinning and primary - ANSWER-C) dynamic and spinning During a system restoration you have 400MW of Steam capacity, 350MW of CT capacity and 300MW of Hydro capacity restored. Your largest contingency is a 200MW Steam Unit. You have also restored 150MW of under-frequency load. What is your total dynamic reserve? (Load pick-up factors are 5% for steam, 15% for hydro and 25% for CT) A) 142.5MW B) 152.5MW C) 285MW D) 292.5MW - ANSWER-C) 285MW What is the most critical communication path when restoring large load blocks early in a system restoration? A) Between the Generating Unit and the Transmission Owner B) Between PJM and the generating plant C) Between the Generator Owner (or MOC) and the generating unit D) Between the transmission owner and the MOC - ANSWER-A) Between the Generating Unit and the Transmission Owner
D) Bottom-up Multiple Island approach - ANSWER-B) Bottom-up Core Island approach Select the statement that best describes why Minimum Source Requirements have been established: A) To ensure system stability prior to interconnecting with another entity B) To reduce major frequency fluctuations when energizing load C) To prevent or reduce the effects of line changing when energizing EHV transmission D) To ensure that adequate Dynamic Reserves exist prior to interconnection with another entity - ANSWER-C) To prevent or reduce the effects of line changing when energizing EHV transmission Which of the following is true concerning blackouts? A) They are only possible at peak load levels B) They are only caused by Human Error C) They could occur at any time or any load level D) They cannot happen in PJM because of PJM's operating philosophies - ANSWER-C) They could occur at any time or any load level For each transmission zone that has a critical load requirement PJM will ensure at a minimum the allocation of how many Black Start resources? A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4 - ANSWER-B) 2
During a restoration process you have 6,000MW of customer demand restored and frequency drop by 1 Hz how much load needs to be shed to restore frequency back to where it was prior to the disturbance? A) 180MW to 360MW B) 300MW to 480MW C) 360MW to 600MW D) 480MW to 720MW - ANSWER-C) 360MW to 600MW Which of the following is/are requirements for Black Start Units? (Pick all that apply)
- Must have and maintain procedures for the unit
- Have the ability to maintain frequency and voltage under varying load
- Must be tested every 3 years
- Must be able to run for 12 hours, or defined by the TO restoration plan - ANSWER--Must have and maintain procedures for the unit
- Have the ability to maintain frequency and voltage under varying load
- Must be tested every 3 years Which of the following statements would be considered an implication from receiving power from an outside entity?
D) 24 hours - ANSWER-D) 24 hours During a restoration process, Generation Owners are required to update their progress by submitting a report: A) On an hourly basis B) Every 1/2 hour C) For every unit returning to service D) As conditions on the system change - ANSWER-A) On an hourly basis Concerning PJM requirements for critical start generation, which of the following statements applies to the units capability to maintain frequency? () A) Dynamic offline testing of the units voltage controls B) Picking up an isolated block of loads C) Producing leading and lagging VARs D) Dynamic Off-line testing of the units governor control - ANSWER-B) Picking up an isolated block of loads D) Dynamic Off-line testing of the units governor control During system restoration, a generator should not be loaded above the level of available A) operating reserve B) synchronized reserve C) primary reserve
D) dynamic reserve - ANSWER-D) dynamic reserve Dynamic Reserves consist of A) Governor Reserve and load that has been restored with under frequency relays B) Quick-start generation that can be loaded within 10 minutes C) On-line generation that can be loaded within 10 minutes D) Customer load that can be manually shed within 10 minutes - ANSWER-A) Governor Reserve and load that has been restored with under frequency relays Each Generation Operator with a black start resource shall provide training to each of its operating personnel responsible for operating the unit at a minimum of A) One hour of training every two calendar years B) Two hours of training every two calendar years C) One hour of training every three calendar years D) Two hours of training every three calendar years - ANSWER-B) Two hours of training every two calendar years Cold load pick-up is best described as A) Load that is comprised of cooling equipment such as air conditioning and fans B) Load which has been de-energized for some time and has lost its cycling characteristics C) Load circuits that are equipped with under-frequency relaying
Generation Capacity on-line = 1000MW System Load = 800MW System Frequency = 60.5 Hz A) 50MW B) 90MW C) 120MW D) 150MW - ANSWER-A) 50MW Do not restore load blocks that exceed 5% of the synchronized gen capacity Which of the following would be considered as the 'final step' in determining the status of generation after a disturbance or event has occurred? A) Determine the status of generation that was off-line prior to the event B) Stabilize surviving on-line generation C) Determine what generation survived the event and is still in service D) Determine the status of generation that was off-line prior to the event - ANSWER-C) Determine what generation survived the event and is still in service According to PJM, how many critical Blackstart Unit outages may there be per station? A) 3
B) 2
C) 4
D) 1 - ANSWER-D) 1
2 are allowed per zone but must be at different stations Which of the following are considered as 'critical load' by PJM? A)Two independent feeds into each nuclear facility for station start-up B) Power to pumping plants for underground cables C) Gas infrastructure equipment D) Light and power to critical substations - ANSWER-C) Gas infrastructure equipment During system restoration operations, a member company has a steam capacity of 600MW, combustion turbine capacity of 200MW and 100MW of hydro capacity. The load factors (governor response) are 5%, 25%, and 15% respectively. Also, 50MW of load with underfrequency load shedding enabled has been restored. What is the total governor reserve capability of the company's steam, combustion turbine and hydro units? - ANSWER-95MW During system restoration prior to synchronization of a unit, the dispatcher should ensure sufficient load is available to A) economize unit operation B) maximize unit operation
C) Hard copy data (Faxed information, emails) D) Voice circuits or radios - ANSWER-D) Voice circuits or radios According to the NERC EOP- 005 - 2, Requirement 9, each Transmission Owner shall have Black Start testing requirements in place to verify the capability of each generation resource to meet the restoration plan requirements. Under this process, each generator shall be tested at least every A) Year B) Three years C) Five years D) Seven years - ANSWER-B) Three years When connecting islands, how do you know if your system is stable? (Pick 2)
- The overall inertia of the generators will be decreased when interconnected
- Small deviations in frequency and voltage when restoring load
- Load is being picked up with automatic under-frequency relaying available
- Adequate operating reserves - ANSWER-- Small deviations in frequency and voltage when restoring load
- Load is being picked up with automatic under-frequency relaying available Which of the following can NOT be changed hourly?
- Regulation high and low limits
- MW capability of regulation
- price of regulation
- status of regulation - ANSWER-- price of regulation The field windings of a generator are located in which part of the generator?
- Stator
- Turbine
- Rotor
- Exciter - ANSWER-- Rotor Which of the following is not a goal of the PJM Market Monitor?
- Maximization of generator revenues
- Limit returns to market power
- Provide incentives to competitive behavior
- Facilitate competition - ANSWER-- Maximization of generator revenues A means of generating hot water, and/or high and low pressure steam and electricity at the same time, from the same energy source, yielding a highly efficient power plant is defined as: A) Combined cycle B) Combustion turbine C) Simple cycle D) Co-generation - ANSWER-D) Co-generation
The Generating Capacity reported on the Supplemental Status Report (SSR) includes which of the following? (Select 2)
- Total capacity from online generation
- Capacity from offline units that can be synchronized within 10 minutes
- Capacity from offline Hydro and CT units that can be synchronized within 10 minutes
- Capacity from online generation that is available within 10 minutes - ANSWER-- Total capacity from online generation
- Capacity from offline Hydro and CT units that can be synchronized within 1 0 minutes Interchange is best described as?
- A scheduled transaction
- Power transfers through a control area
- Energy transferred from one specific point to another - ANSWER-- Energy transferred from one specific point to another What are the uses of eMKT? - ANSWER-To participate in the Day-Ahead Market, the Synchronized Reserve Market and the Regulation Market. Operating Reserves - ANSWER-T <= 30min Primary + Secondary Offline + Online Offline = lesser of: spin max, spin ramp rate (30min - TTS)
Online =lesser of: ramp rate * 30 min, spin max - current MW level Supplemental Reserves - ANSWER-= operating reserve - primary reserve primary reserve = synchronized + quick start Reliability Analysis When does it happen? What is the rebid period? - ANSWER-Second commitment to ensure that their is enough gen to meet real-time load forecast Schedule: 1600 - Day ahead results posted 1600 - 1800 - Rebid period (Gives units not picked up in the day ahead an opportunity to change offers/parameters) 1800 - Reliability analysis What is the difference between Dynamic Reserve and Synchronized Reserve? - ANSWER-Dynamic Reserve - (automatic) reserve on generators that is available via governor action and load w/ under frequency relaying Synchronized Reserve - (manual) spinning online gen What are the two types of reserves monitored during a restoration? - ANSWER- Synchronous and Dynamic reserves
