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PJM GENERATION DISPATCHER EXAM
COMBINED QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS
Which of the following statements is correct concerning PJM assuming frequency control of the restoration process? A) PJM assumes control once an external transmission tie has been established. B) Once an Area Control Error can be calculated, PJM will assume control. C) Whenever it becomes too much of a burden for any one Transmission Owner within the RTO D) Whenever the Transmission Owners within the RTO agree to let PJM control the process. - ANSWER C) Whenever it becomes too much of a burden for any one Transmission Owner within the RTO During black start restoration, priority access to cranking power should be given to: A) Hot units that can return to service immediately. B) Combustion turbines in areas where the initial disturbance occurred C)Units with black start capability D) Hydro Units - ANSWER A) Hot units that can return to service immediately. During a restoration, if you are presented with the opportunity to re-connect with the Eastern Interconnection, you should: A)Not pursue this opportunity because you may cause the Eastern Interconnection to become unstable. B) Pursue this opportunity only when you have adequate Dynamic Reserves on your system C) Pursue this opportunity as quickly as possible
D) Pursue this opportunity only if you need cranking power for your generating unity - ANSWER C) Pursue this opportunity as quickly as possible Complete (Total System) Blackouts are characterized by which of the following? 1 - Most common type of blackout 2 - May require coordinating multiple islands 3 - Likely to result in Transmission overloads or other issues 4 - Affects a very large geographical area, and many customers 5 - Most commonly caused by human or switching errors A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 4 C) 3 & 5 D) 1 - ANSWER B) 2 & 4 The first step in a system restoration would be to: A) Immediately notify the media of the event B) Restore as much of the area load as possible C) Restore as much under-frequency load as possible D) Verify that communication is functional with your neighbors - ANSWER D) Verify that communication is functional with your neighbors Why would an offsite power to generating facilities be a priority during the restoration process? A) To provide safe shutdown power for the units B) To meet FERC requirements C) To provide adequate lighting for the plant operators to attempt a restart D) To prepare and expedite the return of the unit - ANSWER D) To prepare and expedite the return of the unit Factors that help determine the sequence of restoration of off-line generation include (Pick 2):
During a system restoration you have 400MW of Steam capacity, 350MW of CT capacity and 300MW of Hydro capacity restored. Your largest contingency is a 200MW Steam Unit. You have also restored 150MW of under-frequency load. What is your total dynamic reserve? (Load pick-up factors are 5% for steam, 15% for hydro and 25% for CT) A) 142.5MW B) 152.5MW C) 285MW D) 292.5MW - ANSWER C) 285MW What is the most critical communication path when restoring large load blocks early in a system restoration? A) Between the Generating Unit and the Transmission Owner B) Between PJM and the generating plant C) Between the Generator Owner (or MOC) and the generating unit D) Between the transmission owner and the MOC - ANSWER A) Between the Generating Unit and the Transmission Owner Your entire system has blacked out due to an event. You receive word from PJM that the entire region is affected as well. Your blackstart generation resources are spread throughout your system, which cover a large area. Which restoration strategy would be the best for you to implement? A) Combination approach B) Bottom-up Core Island approach C) Top-down approach D) Bottom-up Multiple Island approach - ANSWER D) Bottom-up multiple island approach During a system restoration, which entity directs the loading of generation, to match the load restored? A) PJM B) The Generating Unit C) The Transmission Owner D) The Generation Owner (or MOC) - ANSWER C) The Transmission Owner
Your entire system has blacked out due to an event. You receive information the your neighboring systems are also blacked out. Your main urban load center restoration strategy would be the best for you to implement? A) Combination approach B) Bottom-up Core Island approach C) Top-down approach D) Bottom-up Multiple Island approach - ANSWER B) Bottom-up Core Island approach Select the statement that best describes why Minimum Source Requirements have been established: A) To ensure system stability prior to interconnecting with another entity B) To reduce major frequency fluctuations when energizing load C) To prevent or reduce the effects of line changing when energizing EHV transmission D) To ensure that adequate Dynamic Reserves exist prior to interconnection with another entity - ANSWER C) To prevent or reduce the effects of line changing when energizing EHV transmission Which of the following is true concerning blackouts? A) They are only possible at peak load levels B) They are only caused by Human Error C) They could occur at any time or any load level D) They cannot happen in PJM because of PJM's operating philosophies - ANSWER C) They could occur at any time or any load level For each transmission zone that has a critical load requirement PJM will ensure at a minimum the allocation of how many Black Start resources? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 - ANSWER B) 2
- Provide updated hydroelectric capability - ANSWER - Ensure reliable communications are available for all entities involved in the interconnection process
- Identification of the transmission line to tie areas together If a change in the capability of a Black Start resource affects the ability of a generator to meet the Transmission Operator's individual restoration plant, the Generation Operator shall notify the Transmission Operator of the known changes within. A) 4 hours B) 8 hours C) 16 hours D) 24 hours - ANSWER D) 24 hours During a restoration process, Generation Owners are required to update their progress by submitting a report: A) On an hourly basis B) Every 1/2 hour C) For every unit returning to service D) As conditions on the system change - ANSWER A) On an hourly basis Concerning PJM requirements for critical start generation, which of the following statements applies to the units capability to maintain frequency? () A) Dynamic offline testing of the units voltage controls B) Picking up an isolated block of loads C) Producing leading and lagging VARs D) Dynamic Off-line testing of the units governor control - ANSWER B) Picking up an isolated block of loads D) Dynamic Off-line testing of the units governor control During system restoration, a generator should not be loaded above the level of available A) operating reserve B) synchronized reserve
C) primary reserve D) dynamic reserve - ANSWER D) dynamic reserve Dynamic Reserves consist of A) Governor Reserve and load that has been restored with under frequency relays B) Quick-start generation that can be loaded within 10 minutes C) On-line generation that can be loaded within 10 minutes D) Customer load that can be manually shed within 10 minutes - ANSWER A) Governor Reserve and load that has been restored with under frequency relays Each Generation Operator with a black start resource shall provide training to each of its operating personnel responsible for operating the unit at a minimum of A) One hour of training every two calendar years B) Two hours of training every two calendar years C) One hour of training every three calendar years D) Two hours of training every three calendar years - ANSWER B) Two hours of training every two calendar years Cold load pick-up is best described as A) Load that is comprised of cooling equipment such as air conditioning and fans B) Load which has been de-energized for some time and has lost its cycling characteristics C) Load circuits that are equipped with under-frequency relaying D) Characteristics of load when the temperature is below 32 degrees Fahrenheit
- ANSWER B) Load which has been de-energized for some time and has lost its cycling characteristics Who is responsible for determining the amount of Black Start generation required in a transmission zone? A) The Load-servicing Entities in the zone B) The Transmission Owner
D) Determine the status of generation that was off-line prior to the event - ANSWER C) Determine what generation survived the event and is still in service According to PJM, how many critical Blackstart Unit outages may there be per station? A) 3 B) 2 C) 4 D) 1 - ANSWER D) 1 2 are allowed per zone but must be at different stations Which of the following are considered as 'critical load' by PJM? A)Two independent feeds into each nuclear facility for station start-up B) Power to pumping plants for underground cables C) Gas infrastructure equipment D) Light and power to critical substations - ANSWER C) Gas infrastructure equipment During system restoration operations, a member company has a steam capacity of 600MW, combustion turbine capacity of 200MW and 100MW of hydro capacity. The load factors (governor response) are 5%, 25%, and 15% respectively. Also, 50MW of load with underfrequency load shedding enabled has been restored. What is the total governor reserve capability of the company's steam, combustion turbine and hydro units? - ANSWER 95MW During system restoration prior to synchronization of a unit, the dispatcher should ensure sufficient load is available to A) economize unit operation B) maximize unit operation c) stabilize unit operation D) minimize unit operation - ANSWER c) stabilize unit operation During system restoration, frequency should be maintained between
A) 59.50 and 60.00 Hz B) 59.75 and 61.50 Hz C) 59.75 and 61.00 Hz D) 59.50 and 60.50 Hz - ANSWER C) 59.75 and 61.00 Hz Concerning the PJM requirements for critical Black Start generation, which of the following statements applies to the unit's capability to maintain frequency? (Select 2)
- Dynamic off-line testing of the unit's governor control
- Picking up an isolated block of loads
- Dynamic off-line testing of the unit's voltage controls
- Producing leading ang lagging VARs - ANSWER - Dynamic off-line testing of the unit's governor control
- Picking up isolated block of loads Which of the following is considered the MOST important form of communication during system restoration? A) Face-to-face conversations B) SCADA data from your EMS C) Hard copy data (Faxed information, emails) D) Voice circuits or radios - ANSWER D) Voice circuits or radios According to the NERC EOP- 005 - 2, Requirement 9, each Transmission Owner shall have Black Start testing requirements in place to verify the capability of each generation resource to meet the restoration plan requirements. Under this process, each generator shall be tested at least every A) Year B) Three years C) Five years D) Seven years - ANSWER B) Three years When connecting islands, how do you know if your system is stable? (Pick 2)
- The overall inertia of the generators will be decreased when interconnected
- compare the values in eMkt to the outages in eDART
- offer units into the Day Ahead Market
- Compare the historical generator outage values in eGADS to the outages in eDART
- compare the values in eMkt to the pending OASIS transmission reservations - ANSWER - compare the values in eMkt to the outages in eDART Which of the following reserves is not part of the IRC (Instantaneous Reserve Check)? A) Dynamic B) Spinning C) Operating D) Quickstart - ANSWER A) Dynamic Who is eligible to receive lost opportunity cost not recovered by the regulation market clearing price revenues? A) Self-scheduled regulation only B) PJM scheduled regulation only C) Both self-scheduled and PJM scheduled regulation D) No such credit exists - ANSWER B) PJM scheduled regulation only The Generating Capacity reported on the Supplemental Status Report (SSR) includes which of the following? (Select 2)
- Total capacity from online generation
- Capacity from offline units that can be synchronized within 10 minutes
- Capacity from offline Hydro and CT units that can be synchronized within 10 minutes
- Capacity from online generation that is available within 10 minutes - ANSWER - Total capacity from online generation
- Capacity from offline Hydro and CT units that can be synchronized within 10 minutes Interchange is best described as?
- A scheduled transaction
- Power transfers through a control area
- Energy transferred from one specific point to another - ANSWER - Energy transferred from one specific point to another What are the uses of eMKT? - ANSWER To participate in the Day-Ahead Market, the Synchronized Reserve Market and the Regulation Market. Operating Reserves - ANSWER T <= 30min Primary + Secondary Offline + Online Offline = lesser of: spin max, spin ramp rate (30min - TTS) Online =lesser of: ramp rate * 30 min, spin max - current MW level Supplemental Reserves - ANSWER = operating reserve - primary reserve primary reserve = synchronized + quick start Reliability Analysis When does it happen? What is the rebid period? - ANSWER Second commitment to ensure that their is enough gen to meet real-time load forecast Schedule: 1600 - Day ahead results posted 1600 - 1800 - Rebid period (Gives units not picked up in the day ahead an opportunity to change offers/parameters) 1800 - Reliability analysis What is the difference between Dynamic Reserve and Synchronized Reserve? - ANSWER Dynamic Reserve - (automatic) reserve on generators that is available via governor action and load w/ under frequency relaying Synchronized Reserve - (manual) spinning online gen What are the two types of reserves monitored during a restoration? - ANSWER Synchronous and Dynamic reserves
D) PJM operator will call all units assigned regulation - ANSWER C) 30 minutes prior to operating hour Over excited test results means the system is? - ANSWER Lagging (pushing VARs) Which is not a selection for unit status in eMKT? A) Baseload B) Economic C) Fixed Gen D) Emergency - ANSWER A) Baseload Which of the following statements considering Scarcity Pricing is correct? A) Generation is not subject to the $1000 offer cap during scarcity hours B) The highest market-based offer in the scarcity region set the price for the entire PJM and MISO C) Offer capping remains in effect for units that are not deemed "exempt" D) The highest market-based offer in the scarcity region sets the price for the entire scarcity region - ANSWER D) The highest market-based offer in the scarcity region sets the price for the entire scarcity region What is the formula to determine a generating units Synchronized Reserve? - ANSWER - Lesser of: (spin ramp rate * 10 min) or (spin max - current MW level) When is an IRC requested? What types of reserves does it request? - ANSWER An IRC is typically requested 30-45 min prior to a peak. Types of reserves on the check:
- operating reserve
- synchronized reserve
- quick start (hydro/other)
- supplemental Regarding abuses to market rules, what entity holds the authority for enforcement?
A) The PJM Market Monitor B) The PJM Members Committee C) NERC D) FERC - ANSWER FERC Under excited test results means the system is? - ANSWER Leading (absorbing VARs) What type of units are required to conduct Generator Reactive Testing and how often? - ANSWER Units:
- Any unit 20MW and up
- Aggregate units 75MW and up
- All black start units
- Synchronized condenser units greater than 20MW Frequency:
- every 5 years What is the difference between Tier 1 and Tier 2 synchronized reserves? - ANSWER Tier 1 (economic) - Online units that follow economic dispatch and only partially loaded and therefore are able to increase output within 10 minutes following PJM dispatcher request to event Tier 2 (non-economic) - Resources that offered into the synchronized reserve market and cleared
- condensers (CTs and Hydro) transition to online tier 2 condense mode
- steam reduced to provide tier 2 support
- CTs online at min-operating at a point that deviates from econ
- Demand response that can drop load What is Regulation? - ANSWER Regulation is:
- A variable amount of generation under automatic control
- Independent of economic cost signal
- obtainable within 5 minutes
- Responds to frequency deviations The purpose of the Heavy Load Voltage Schedule action is to increase reactive reserves on:
During a cold weather alert, PJM will take which of the following actions? A) Adopt dynamic equipment ratings for all faclities B) Request reclosing be placed in service for all EHV facilities C) Assume an unavailability rate for scheduled generation D) Scheduled 'fuel-limited' resources run over the midnight period only - ANSWER C) Assume an unavailability rate for scheduled generation During an Environmental Alert Emergency, which entity must submit the request for variance to the appropriate government agency? A) PJM B) NERC C) The generator owner D) The transmission owner - ANSWER C) The generator owner Which of the following would be considered non critical plant load? (select 2) A) Office area air conditioners B) Induction fans C) Feed water pumps D) Lighting - ANSWER A) Office area air conditioners D) Lighting When will PJM cancel the GMD procedure? - ANSWER Measurements at Missouri or Meadowbrook fall below 10 amps and remain below for 3 hours A steam unit is considered to be resource limited when it is not capable of running at it's maximum capacity for the next A) 16 Hours B) 36 Hours C) 72 Hours D) 120 Hours - ANSWER C) 72 Hours If a steam unit falls below max capacity for ___ hours, an oil-fired CT falls below max capacity for ___ hours or a gas fired CT falls below max capacity for ___ , the PJM Master Coordinator should be notified immediately.
A) 72, 32, 8 hours respectively B) 13, 8, 72 hours respectively C) 32, 16, 8 hours respectively D) 16, 32, 8 hours respectively - ANSWER C) 32, 16, 8 hours respectively note that max capacity = max emergency during hot/cold weather alerts When a GMD is confirmed, PJM will operate at what percentage of transfer limits? A) 98% B) 95% C) 50% D) 0% - ANSWER B) 95% Which of the following reports will PJM request when a Maximum Generation Emergency Alert is issued? A) Instantaneous Reserve Check B) Minimum Generation Report C) Reactive Reserve Report D) Supplemental Status Report - ANSWER D) Supplemental Status Report When PJM declares a hot weather alert, the generation dispatcher should
- determine if maintenance can be deferred
- notify transmission operators
- notify all generating stations and key personnel
- direct all generating stations to reduce output A) 1 and 2 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only C) 3 and 4 only - ANSWER B) 1 and 3 only A Minimum Generation Emergency Alert is initiated when
