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PSYC 3604 - Abnormal Psych Midterm 1
class 3 - diathesis - a weakness, a predisposition. But you may not have the actual illness unless the environment activates it You can have a certain genetic type - and that doesn't mean you will necessarily get the disorder. It depends on the environmental triggers Genotype - biological combination of genes Phenotype - interaction with the environment Diathesis stress model - you can be prone to a condition but not develop it unless certain negative environmental cues are met A T C G - genes, always pair in the same combination. G and C go together - and T and A go together nucleotide bases (A, T, C, G) - three of them means a codon the reason we have genetic diversity - is that if something happens, the entire species can't be wiped out at once behavioural genetics - looks at twin studies and family studies genetic polymorphism - means a mutation concordance rates mean - if one twin has it, the other twin has it. Discordance means the opposite. 85 per cent concordent for schizophrenia for concordent twins - and 17 per cent concordent for non identical twins, which suggests a large genetic influence adoption study - the adopted one is more like the genetic parent than the adopted one, which lends credence to genetics
adoption studies are the - best way to look at this the nervous system - the brain and the spinal cord (CNS) peripheral nervous system - comprised of somatic and autonomic nervous system, and then sympathtic and parasympathetic parasympatheic system - calms you down. Sympathetic nervous system makes you more tense. Sympathetic is fight or flight corpos callosum - transmits info from one side of the brain to the other know the names of the neurotransmitters and whether they are - inhibitory or exitatory pre synaptic neuron is sending - and post synaptic neuron is receiving. Pre synaptic is sending from the terminal button and post synaptic is the dendrite endocrine system is involved with - hormones 4 lobes of brain - frontal lobe - executive function (planning, logical reasoning, using info from the past) frontal lobe is inhibitory - it inhibits you from doing stupid things. Frontal lobe damage can cause you to say stupid things because it isn't inhibited anymore parietal lobe - is all about space, knowing where you are in space. where your arms and legs are in relative to space occipital lobe - is vision temporal lobe - auditory cortex, hippocampus for memory ( hippocampus (elephant never forgets) - hippocampus related to memory behavioural and cognitive perspective - behavioural views behaviour as the result of environmental experience
to describe and to predict in the real world - many diagnoses will overlap. It's not as clearcut as the textbook makes it look like. It's not all isolated Diagnosis - the persons' problem is classified. ie pigeonholed she will not test on - the arguments about the DSM criticism of diagnosis - labelling, its categorical, obscures individual differences, illusion of explanation (excuse) like with ADHD people procrastinate and may blame the illness advantages and disadvantages of diagnosis - clinicians can talk to each other, stats are easier, disadvantages are stigma diagnosis is not - dichotomous, it is a continuum epedimiological information - incidence, prevalence and duration incidence - number of new cases of a disorder within a time period prevalance - percentage of the population that has the disorder at a particular time duration - the average length of a given disorder reliability - is the cornerstone of any diagnostic system. you need inter rater reliability. the dsm appears to have inter rater reliability validity - the extent is measures what it says it measures the WEIS-R - is an intelligence test that has high inter rater reliability but some people say it has low validity, because it doesn't take into account emotional intelligence she says the WEIS-R - is not valid because it only measures academic intelligence. The person with all A's might be terrible at socialization and thus not be able to keep a job construct validity -
is the construct itself valid. is schizophrenia a construct? diathesis stress - diathesis is the genetic predisposition, the stress is the environment. you need both for schizophrenia or other things to develop the interview - structured (SCID) or open ended. Structured Clinical Interview Diagnosis (SCID) Projective personality tests - from Freud. The inkblot test, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) In the tat test, its an actual picture and you answer what happened before the picture, what's happening during and what will happen next. Provides insight into how you view the world Psychometric tests - the WEIS-R, which is an intelligence test Simon and Binet - were french and were tasked to figure out what tasks children of a certain age could do. They developed mental age and chronological age. All simon and binet did was that, then Turin came along and took that information and turned it into a quotient, IQ. so iq is mental age divided by chronological age - which is 'contrived' as she says. Doesn't have construct validity Turmin used his iq stores to say certain people - shouldn't be allowed in as refugees, or into the military. He even said people with low iq should be sterilized. And this math wont work if you are 85 and have the abilities of a 25 year old, so this model doesn't work and was unethical. then psychologists took it and modified it for people of different ages neuropsychological tests (she did her PhD in this to could be on the test) - based on the idea that different psychological functions are localized in different areas of the brain. Used after a stroke or something to see where the damage is in the brain neuropsychogical assessment - Halsten-Reiten Battery 1- tactile performance test (time) 2- tactile performance test (memory) It's a blindfold test where you have to put things into holes, and then draw the holes from memory. assesses spatial ability Wisconsin card sort - measures brain function. used on clients with head injury. frontal lobe is affected by head injury or dementia. Wisconsin card sort 2 - four cards vary given shape, number and colour. then they give you a card and have to figure out where to categorize the card. And then the rules will change, so it measures your ability to adapt. Its a category test is the main thing to remember
more sensitive to tissue than a cat scan. They are very accurate. Cat scans are easier to get, MRI's have long waiting lists as they cost millions of dollars PET scans - they inject a radioactive isotope of glucose, the areas that are active will take more glucose and will light up. This looks only at glucose levels the PET scan - is the red and green alien looking one PET scan - can show the difference between a depressed state and a manic state ABAB design - one person, before and after REVIEW CLASS - abnormality abnormality is defined as - continuum. discussed abnormal as a statistical property Kraft Ebling and Kraeplin - are important as they came up with the biogenic model. 1897 was the first experimental study of abnormal psychology general paresis is what they called - dementia. thought it was related to syphilis Wundt in 1879 - was the first experimental study in psychology genic - means origin psychogenic and biogenic (biogenic would be a stroke where you can actually see the damage) - whereas other things are more psychogenic, which is all in your mind pathology - means illness somatogenesis - genesis = origin. mental disorders are caused by aberrant functioning in the soma (the physical body) Hippocates came up with this psychogensis - mental disorders have their origin in psychological malfunctions concordence rates -
if both twins have the illness they are concordent. if they dont, they are discordent frontal lobe - is executive function. what separates us from other animals. it is also inhibitory, tells you what not to do. people with frontal lobe damage - can become very uninhibited. Also motor function in the frontal lobe temporal lobe is mostly memory - mostly, the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. Also hearing, so damage to temporal lobe can cause memory and hearing problems occipital lobe - is for vision parietal lobe - is good if you're a skater. knowing where your limbs are in relation to space behaviourism is often called - S - R. Stimulus Reponse. Cogntive is more stimulus, organism, response classical conditioning is Pavlov - and operant is Skinner, reward and punishment she will ask about unconditioned response - and dependent variables aquisition - is what its called when someone learns the conditioned response the law of effect - people are more likely to do things that bring rewards negative triad - Aaron Beck a negative view of the self, the world and the future Core freudian defense mechanisms - repression, projection, displacement (yelling at kids when you want to yell at your boss), isolation, intellectualization (becoming an expert on the thing, like MADD), denial, regression, submlimation A projective test - is like the rorsharch. It projects your unsconsciousness psychometric tests - attempts to locate stable underlying characteristics, or traits, that presumably exist in different degrees in everyone. intelligence testing would be the WEIS-R. So it just shows where you lie according to the norm
