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Abnormal Psych - Midterm Exam
1)Which of the following is Freud credited with? a. the invention of fMRI b. the invention of hypnosis c. the discovery of the nervous system (from which he coined the phrase "nervous breakdown") d. organizing formal "talk therapies" for mental illness - d 2)An example of the use of operant conditioning as a treatment for a psychological disorder is where: a)Clients with depression were given an electric shock when they reported negative thoughts. b) A sample of individuals with schizophrenia were given rewards if they used the correct cutlery at meal times. c) Individuals in treatment for opioid dependence were given vouchers if their urine sample was free of opioids. d) Answers a and c. - d 3)People with severe mental illnesses are LESS likely to be ______ than they were years ago. a) medicated with psychotropic drugs b) hospitalized in mental institutions c) homeless or in prison d) treated in outpatient facilities - b 4)The "four Ds" of abnormality are: a) deviance, dysfunction, disturbance, and danger. b) danger, dread, deviance, and disturbance. c) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. d) dysfunction, disturbance, delirium, and danger. - c 5)Roman is a loner. He lives in a cabin in the woods with no running water or electricity. While he manages to survive this way, living so far from the closest city makes it very hard for him to get and keep gainful employment. He is often unhappy with his situation, yet he feels that he can do nothing to change it and has lived this way for years. Which term could NOT be used to describe Roman's behavior? a) deviant b) dysfunctional c) dangerous d) distressful - c 6)Which statement is true about the "four Ds" of abnormality? a) Most clinicians agree on what qualifies under each of "the four Ds." b) Every culture has generally identical criteria of what constitutes abnormality.
c) An individual can only be diagnosed with a mental illness if (s)he has all "four Ds." d) None of the "four Ds" is, by itself, an adequate gauge of psychological abnormality. - d
- To generate a structural image of the human brain, researchers typically use: a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. electromyogram (EMG) c. magnetic resonance image (MRI) d. electroencephalogram (EEG) - c, MRI
- Freud treated patients with hypnosis and psychoanalysis because he believed that mental illness was ________. a. psychogenic b. somatogenic c. supernatural d. Conscious - a 9). Ted believes that all mental illness is somatogenic. Based on this theory, what treatment of mental illness would he most likely endorse? a. medication b. exorcism c. institutionalization d. talk therapy - a
- Sybil is a young woman living in Europe in the middle ages. When she starts experiencing symptoms of mental illness, her priest diagnoses her as being ________. a. a hysterical woman b. a hormonally imbalanced person c. an immoral animal d. a possessed witch - d
- Dr. Flynn, a present day psychiatrist, uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed. (DSM-) to a. diagnose mental illness b. treat mental illness c. find statistics on mental illnesses d. trace the historical changes in mental illness - a
- George hears voices that others do not but is not distressed by them. This illustrates that: a) distress must always be used to determine abnormality. b) behavior that is not really dangerous can never be considered abnormal. c) distress does not have to be present for a person's behavior to be considered abnormal. d) behavior that is not distressful is not abnormal. - c
d 20)Today, mental illness is often treated with psychotherapy and medication. These treatments reflect what two categories of causes of mental illness? a. supernatural and somatogenic b. psychogenic and supernatural c. somatogenic and psychogenic d. psychogenic and psychoanalysis - c
- Which of the following is a major difference between digesting drugs orally and taking them intravenously? a. Although absorption is slower through oral digestion, this is the only way for drugs to reach the brain. b. Although absorption is slower through intravenous administration, this is the only way for drugs to reach the brain. c. In the case of illegal drugs, intravenous use can lead to overdose but oral administration cannot. d. Intravenous administration can reach the brain in less than seconds. - d
- Adolescents often act impulsively. This may be because the prefrontal cortex typically develops slower than the: a. spinal cord b. hypothalamus c. limbic system d. cerebellum - c
- How do the definition of psychopathy within the mental health field differ from the public perception of psychopathy? a. The mental health field's definition focuses more on serious criminal acts. b. The mental health field's definition focuses more on medications that can be used to treat psychopathy. c. The mental health field's definition focuses more on psychotherapies that can be used to treat psychopathy. d. The mental health field's definition focuses more on dispositional tendencies associated with psychopathy. - d How did early writers (such as Pinel and Koch) describe psychopathy? a. abnormal social behavior and relationships paired with rational thinking b. boldness, disinhibition, and meanness c. self-centeredness and a reckless disregard for the needs of others d. a persistent pattern of violent and manipulative behavior - a
- You are interviewing job candidates for a job. You wish to avoid hiring a psychopathic person. You interview April who seems confident, sociable, and well-adjusted. Should you hire her?
a. Yes. Psychopathic individuals are self-centered and cruel and do not appear well-adjusted in job interviews. b. Maybe not. Some theorists claim that psychopathic individuals often seem confident, social, and well-adjusted. c. Yes. Most truly psychopathic individuals are currently incarcerated for violent crimes so there is little change that April is a psychopathic individual. d. Maybe. Although April has a few characteristics of psychopathy there have only ever been a few documented cases of female psychopaths. - b
- According to Cleckley's description of psychopathology, what are the chances that one of your professors might be a psychopathic individual and might physically harm you? a. Zero. Psychopathic individuals are never able to be successful enough in their careers to become professors. b. Very small. Your professor may be a psychopathic individual but is unlikely to physically harm you. c. High. College professors may be psychopathic individuals and are likely to engage in violence if they feel threatened or challenged. d. Moderate. Psychopaths tend to be smart and college professor is exactly the type of job they might have. - b
- Which of the following statements about Antisocial Personality Disorder is true? a. Antisocial Personality Disorder is another name for Psychopathic Personality. b. People with Antisocial Personality Disorder are generally more charming than people with Psychopathic Personality. c. Antisocial Personality Disorder replaced psychopathy in the DSM. d. The description of Antisocial Personality Disorder in the DSM is based almost entirely on Cleckey's definition of psychopathy. - c
- What does the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised primarily focus on? a. behavioral deviance and interpersonal-affective deficits b. manipulative behavior and reckless disregard for the rights of others c. violent and criminal behavior d. repeated harm to self - a
- How is the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised completed? a. People fill out self-report questionnaires. b. Questionnaires are completed by people who know the individual well, typically friends or family members. c. Forensic psychologists observe individuals' behavior and then complete the checklist based on their observations. d. Questions are answered based on individuals' files or on interviewing the individuals. - c
- What are the three components of the Triarchic model of psychopathy? a. flat affect, violence, lack of remorse b. disinhibition, boldness, and meanness c. unpredictable affect, impulsive behavior, impaired cognitive capacity d. above average intelligence, charisma, self-centeredness - b
- Why was the Triarchic model developed? a. to create a detailed system of measurement of psychopathy in children and adults b. to create a detailed system of measurement of psychopathy in criminal and non-criminal populations c. to resolve disagreements about how to best define psychopathy d. to better predict serious conduct issues such as terror attacks - c
- Which of the three components of the Triarchic model is the least well-assessed by many existing measures of psychopathy? a. All three components are well-assessed by existing measures of psychopathy. b. disinhibition c. meanness d. boldness - d
- What is "disinhibition" as described in the Triarchic model? a. impulsiveness and out of control behavior b. little empathy or feeling contempt for others c. dominance and self-confidence d. intelligence, violence, and manipulation - a
- What is "meanness" as described in the Triarchic model? a. impulsiveness and out of control behavior b. little empathy or feeling contempt for others c. dominance and self-confidence d. intelligence, violence, and manipulation - b
- What is "boldness" as described in the Triarchic model? a. impulsiveness and out of control behavior b. little empathy or feeling contempt for others c. dominance and self-confidence - c
- Imagine a prime minister who demonstrates the psychopathic traits of self-centeredness, fearlessness, and a lack of response to stress. What might you expect from their leadership style? a. She will likely be a strong persuasive leader, especially in times of crisis. b. She will likely abuse her power.
c. She will likely ignore the will of the people she represents and make decisions that increase her personal fame and wealth. d. She will likely start conflicts with other countries, seeking to grow her country's prestige and territory. - a
- Detoxification is a process of systematic and supervised withdrawal from substance use that is either managed in a residential setting or on an outpatient basis. Drug use during detoxification can take which of the following forms? a) Help reduce withdrawal symptoms b) Prevent relapse c) To wean a user onto a weaker substance d) All of the above - d
- In biological treatments of substance abuse an example of a user being weaned onto a weaker substance would be which of the following? a) Methadone maintenance programmes b) Controlled drinking c) Barbiturate ban d) Amphetamine amnesty - a 44)One of the key characteristics of substance dependence is that: a) The family of the individual quickly notice their relative has substance dependence. b) It only involves the use of alcohol. c) The individual spends substantial time and effort sourcing the substance. d) It mainly affects women. - c 45)Which of the following statements best describes withdrawal? a) A transient condition following the intake of psychoactive substances. b)A set of unpleasant symptoms following the abrupt cessation or reduction in dose of a psychoactive substance. c) A set of unpleasant symptoms including fixed false beliefs, aggressive behaviour and deterioration in functioning. d) A chronic and progressive syndrome due to changes in the brain - b 46)Which of the following illnesses should physicians screen for in people who inject opioids? a) HIV and hepatitis. b) Wernicke's encephalopathy. c) Epilepsy. d) Thyroid disease. - a 47)Which of the following is considered an emergency presentation of a disorder due to substance use? Choose the best answer:
b. Activating presynaptic receptors or autoreceptors. c. Binding to but not activating the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of a target neuron. d. All of the above. - d 2)A behavioral approach to abnormal behavior would argue that the root of pathology lies in (a) unrealistic beliefs (b) maladaptive learned-response patterns (c) disordered functioning of construct systems (d) fixation and regression (e) incongruence - b 3)Which of the following theories places the greatest emphasis on the effects of early childhood experiences on personality? (a) Psychodynamic (b) Humanistic (c) Trait (d) Social cognitive (e) Behavioral - a 4)With regard to the 'Nature versus Nurture' debate, which of the following outcomes seems to be the final conclusion to this age-old question? a. Nature is the essential factor in mental illness, while nurture is relatively unimportant. b. Nurture is the essential factor in mental illness, while nature is relatively unimportant. c. Nature and nurture both work together to produce mental illness. d. Neither nature nor nurture are essential factors in mental illness. - c 5)A child who learns to trip others by watching their father is engaged in: a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observational learning d. occasion setting - c 7)The primary mechanism by which psychoanalytic therapies are thought to work is by: a. changing an individual's "self talk" so that there is a positive effect on emotions b. challenging an individual's irrational beliefs c. encouraging individuals to be mindfully aware of each moment d. helping an individual resolve unconscious conflicts - d 8)The figure most associated with the humanistic movement is: a. Martin Seligman b. Sigmund Freud c. Carl Rogers d. Aaron Beck - c 9)Which of the following is an assumption associated with humanistic therapies? a. therapy works best when therapists have unconditional positive regard for their clients b. therapy works best when the client has unlimited potential c. therapy works best when therapists are active, engaged and directive d. therapy works best when it is offered free of charge -
a 10)Which therapy focuses heavily on creating an accepting and supportive environment for self-discovery? a. Humanistic-existential therapy b. psychodynamic therapy c. psychotropic drug therapy d. cognitive behavioral therapy - a 11)In what way did the behavioral perspective in psychology differ with almost every other perspective to come before it? a. It emphasized how attention, emotion and memory influenced individual behaviors. b. It rejected any reference to "the mind" and focused on observable behavior as the only legitimate topic of the field. c. It focused entirely on unseen parts of the psyche, including emotions, motivations, and unconscious processes. d. It championed the idea that psychological disorders were best treated by changing individual behaviors. - b 12)Which of the following is the truest about drugs used for treatment? a. Research shows that medications are not effective for treating mental illness. b. Research shows that medications are only effective for treating mental illness in adults. c. Medications can be used to treat specific mental illnesses because they target specific neurotransmitters associated with those illnesses. d. Medications can be used to treat only general conditions because they cannot target specific neurotransmitters associated with specific illnesses. - c 13). Who is generally regarded as the most famous advocate of the importance of unconscious processes? a. Freud b. Binet c. Clark d. James - a 15). Which is true of unconscious behavior? a. Only animals behave unconsciously; humans behave consciously b. Conscious and unconscious behavior are the same thing c. unconscious behavior is done without awareness d. unconscious behavior is done with awareness - c 17)What is a defense mechanism?: a) Any form of martial arts. b) A mechanism designed to reduce stress and conflict caused by specific experiences. c) A method for negotiating a stage of development. d) A mechanism designed to remove psychological barriers. -
- Comorbidity explains the notion that: a) People suffering with the same psychopathology die at the same time. b) Sufferers exhibit a chronic fear of death. c) Depression always happens in the winter. d) Differentially defined disorders can co-occur. - d 8)Which of the following is not a weakness of interview methods of assessment? a) They allow interviewers to follow personal lines of questioning b) They are sensitive to the interpersonal dynamics between interviewer and interviewee c) They have advantages when it comes to assessing personality disorders d) They are time-consuming - c 9)Which of the following statements is not correct about personality inventories? They tend to have high inter-rater reliability They assess a single personality characteristic They are developed through a process of selecting the best items from a larger set They are susceptible to several response biases because they rely on self-report - b 10)The rationale for using projective tests is that they ...
- allow people to use the defence 2.mechanism of projection 3have superior retest reliability
- are labour-intensive avoid self-report biases - 4 11)Which of the following statements is correct about the Rorschach inkblot test? a. All of the blots are monochromatic b. Interpretation is based only on the content of people's responses c. It aims to bypass the test-taker's defences d. It has demonstrated strong evidence of incremental validity - c 12)Which of the following describes a "good" test? A good test __________. a)is reliable b)has norms c)is valid d)all are correct - d 13)The validity of a test refers to: A. whether the test measures what it purports to measure B. how norms for the test were developed
C. whether a test is precise as a tool of measurement D. whether a test is consistent in its measurement - a 14)Psychological tests may differ with respect to: A format B content C administration D all are correct - d
- Psychological tests a. pertain only to overt behavior. b. always have right or wrong answers. c. do not attempt to measure traits. d. measure characteristics of human behavior. - d 17)Critics have argued that projective tests are too (a) brief (b) concrete (c) quantitative (d) objective (e) subjective - e
- Nicholas has been diagnosed with depression, borderline personality disorder, and a phobia of social interactions. Since Nicholas has multiple mental disorders at once, we would say that a high _______________ exists in his case. a. comorbidity b. availability c. resistance d. Adaptation - a 19)A benefit of using behavioral measures includes the fact that they are: a. the easiest form to collect b. subject to less biased responses c. able to provide insight into participants' motives d. easier to score than other methods - b 20)The Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test are two prominent examples of __________ tests. a. projective b. objective c. behavioral d. interview-based - a
b. Europe c. East Asia d. South America - c 7)When you judge people from other cultures using your own cultural backdrop as the standard of what is "right" or "good," you are employing ________ bias in your judgment. a. ethnocentric b. prejudicial c. nationalistic d. Stereotyping - a 10)LaTonya has been given an award by her company and makes a speech at an awards banquet. Her entire speech focuses on the contributions of her work group, her family, and her friends. At no time does she note her own work or her personal achievements. LaTonya seems to emphasize the cultural value of ________. a. monism b. pluralism c. individualism d. Collectivism - d 11)Which of these best describes the emic approach to studying human culture? a.It focuses on the members of the culture as the best source of information on the culture. b.It relies heavily on pre-existing theories. c. It never takes into account personal narratives. d.It never takes into account cultural paradigms e.It uses pre-existing schema to form decisions. - a 12)Which of these is the best description of the etic approach to studying human culture? a.It focuses mainly on personal narrative. b.It mainly uses interviews from the members of the culture being studied. c.It seeks to begin with a blank slate. d.It relies heavily on pre-existing theories. e.It is never used to compare cultures. - d 13)Which therapist is demonstrating an Emic approach to counseling? A. If a client looks Black, Lashanda always assumes they are African American B. If a female client reports being in a relationship, Maria always ask if they have a boyfriend or a husband C. Ramon believes that part of being a culturally sensitive therapist includes addressing all his clients by the first name to demonstrate his collaborative approach to treatment D. Farnoosh personally disagrees with her client's decision to remain married to a cheating spouse. However, she is able to identify the culture bound values that are influencing her client's choice. - d
14)Finish the statement: Cultural barriers between helping professionals and their patients have been found to lead to _____. a.Inadequate health care among minority groups b.Adequate health care among minority groups c.Inadequate health care among majority groups d.Adequate health care among majority groups - a
- Young children are always observing the actions of people around them. If a child observes a mistake, but understands the intent of the action the child has developed: a. problem solving skill b. theory of mind c. social referencing d. understanding of needs and wants - b 2)Theory of __________ refers to a child's growing understanding of how another person's mental states can affect that person's behavior. a. mind b. intentionality c. operations d. schemata - a 3)The most well-established psychotropic drug that is prescribed for children and adolescents are the psychostimulant drugs used for treating __________. a. depression b. Asperger's disease c. attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) d. Autism - c
- The ________ of the brain houses the motor cortex and areas responsible for judgment, decisions and planning. a. occipital lobe b. frontal lobe c. temporal lobe d. parietal lobe - b
- Having an appreciation for the workings of another person's mind is considered a prerequisite for all but which of the following? a. natural language acquisition b. intellectual development c. strategic, social interaction d. moral judgment - d
- One explanation of how people with autism regard others is that the autistic individual perceives others in a very ________ fashion.
a. violence may cause harm, but aggression is intended to cause extreme physical harm (e.g., injury or death) b. aggression may cause harm, but violence is intended to cause extreme physical harm (e.g., injury or death) c. they are two words for the same concept d. violence is verbal or relational in nature, while aggression is a physical action - b
- The "Dark Triad of Personality," a clustering of personality traits that are associated with aggression, include narcissism, psychopathy, and ________. a. histrionics b. Machiavellianism c. neuroticism d. Extraversion - b
- Ira brags about how wonderful he is, talks endlessly about his accomplishments, and pushes people to admire him. He lashes out when his inflated sense of importance is threatened by others. Ira would rate high in a measure of ________. a. narcissism b. psychopathy c. histrionics d. Mania - a
- Angie is on the subway when she notices that the woman in the opposite seat is looking at her. Angie immediately thinks the other woman wants to have a fight and says, "what are you looking at?" The woman responds by saying she was admiring Angie's earrings, and Angie feels embarrassed. Angie is demonstrating the ________ attribution bias in the way she interpreted the other woman's gaze. a. hostile b. fundamental c. actor-observer d. Self-serving - a
- The hostile ________ bias occurs when a person assumes that other people will react to potential conflicts with aggressive responses. a. foreshadowing b. attribution c. expectation d. anticipatory - c
- Keiko is three years old. She has a habit of shoving other children and taking their toys. Which is the likeliest explanation of this behavior? a. Keiko comes from a violent culture in which shoving is an acceptable behavior b. Keiko has aggressive parents who model this behavior c. Keiko has not yet developed self-control d. Keiko has a mental disorder that makes her aggressive -
c
- Which of the following is one suggestion for increasing the effectiveness of aggression- reducing interventions? a. target as many aggression triggers as possible and deal with them all simultaneously b. do not work with children who have aggressive tendencies, as this can backfire and cause them to behave in more violent ways c. psychotropic medications are almost always necessary to help curb pathological levels of aggression d. research finds that those who have explosive aggressive tendencies almost never change their behaviors - a
- Risky behavior may be due, in part, to an underdeveloped part of the adolescent brain that controls ________. a. the ability accurately read facial expressions b. self-regulation c. logic d. Rewards - b
- Now that he's an adolescent, Oliver finds that he wants to ride all the fastest roller coasters. Oliver's brain rewards him for this sensation-seeking with __________. a. testosterone b. serotonin c. dopamine d. melatonin - c
- Susan smokes cigarettes and is, by her own admission, addicted to them. Which of the following is implicated in Susan's addiction? a. She associates cues, such as seeing a cigarette lighter, with smoking, and these cues increase her desire to smoke. b. The nicotine in her cigarettes reach her brain quickly because it is inhaled. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b - c
- Which of the following is the most dangerous method of administering a drug into one's system? a. IV administration b. inhalation c. skin "popping" d. through the digestive track (eating or drinking) - a
- In order to be diagnosed with brief psychotic disorder, a person must have symptoms that last no longer than __________. a. one month b. two weeks
