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Abnormal Psych Midterm 2
Which of the following are core features of personality? (Select all that apply.) -
- interpersonal relationships
- sense of self
- meaning and purpose in life The five-factor model of personality is a _____. - dimensional approach True or false: A personality disorder could be diagnosed based solely on the fact that someone doesn't know where they are going in life. - false Who of the following is most likely to be diagnosed with a personality disorder? - Ada, aged 30, a woman with lifelong interpersonal difficulties Which is true of the DSM-5 clustering system for personality disorders? - it is recognized as being limited and not consistently validated The concept of _____ includes a self-identity, how we relate to other people, and our sense of meaning and purpose in life. - personality The five-factor model of personality utilizes the personality traits of -
- negative emotionality
- extraversion
- openness to experience
- agreeableness -conscientiousness When people have fundamental deficits in who they are as people and in their ability to relate to others, they may be diagnosed with a personality _____ - disorder A person diagnosed with _____ personality disorder is usually distrusting and suspicious, interprets others' motives as malevolent, and is always on the look out for evidence confirming their suspicions. - paranoid Which of the following are diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder in the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.) -
- personality is inflexible and nonadaptive
- persoanlity functioning is stable over time
- personality deviates markedly from cultural expectations The DSM-5 identifies _____ distinct personality disorders grouped into _____ clusters based on their descriptive similarity. -
10; three Ellen is convinced that her husband is having an affair with a co-worker. Her suspicion is reinforced when the co-worker calls him. Ellen is also quite certain that her own boss is out to get her because she notices that he scowls when he talks to her. Which of the following personality disorders might be Ellen's diagnosis? - paranoid Cheryl has a boyfriend but, when she talks about him, she talks as if he were an object. There is no emotional expression and no pleasure from their interactions. If Cheryl were to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, it would most likely be _____. - schizoid personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder - characterized by odd and eccentric behavior with mild hallucinations and delusions Which of the following are features of schizotypal personality disorder? (Select all that apply.) -
- social isolation
- difficulty in establishing relationships
- restricted range of emotions Schizotypal personality disorder is related to _____ - schizophrenia The DSM-5 identifies four categories of oddity in schizotypal personality disorder. Match each of the categories with its proper definition. -
- paranoia=suspiciousness
- ideas of reference=belief that random events are related to them
- magical thinking=belief that others might know their thoughts
- illusions=seeing people in wallpaper patterns One big difference between a person diagnosed with schizophrenia and a person diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder is that the person diagnosed with the personality disorder maintains contact with _____ - reality A person diagnosed with _____ personality disorder demonstrates a restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal interactions and a pervasive pattern of detachment. - schizoid People with a diagnosis of _____ personality disorder show symptoms similar to schizophrenia but in milder form. - schizotypal For a person to be given a diagnosis of _____ personality disorder, his or her odd or eccentric thoughts cannot be part of cultural beliefs. - schizotypal Which of the following personality disorders is related to schizophrenia? -
Which of the following are characteristics of borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.) -
- identity disturbances
- impulsive behaviors
- frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
- feelings of emptiness Cutting, burning, and other self-mutilating gestures are considered common in someone with a diagnosis of _____ personality disorder. - borderline Alberta has just met her new therapist, and she says she adores him. When the therapist tells her that he has to change an appointment, she says he is the devil and she hates him. Which personality disorder does this scenario illustrate? - borderline Angela has recently been diagnosed with a personality disorder. She has explained to her therapist that she does not get along with her family, has been married and divorced three times, feels empty most of the time, has a problem controlling her anger, is fearful of abandonment, and often spends money impulsively. What is the most likely personality disorder diagnosis for Angela? - borderline personality disorder Cutting and burning one's self are self-mutilating behaviors found most commonly in _____.
borderline personality disorder A person diagnosed with personality disorder might idealize someone at one time and then condemn them at a later time. - borderline Borderline personality disorder is very complicated to treat because _____. (Select all that apply.) -
- there are often shifting symptoms
- there are often comorbidities
- there are a variety of symptoms Emily has been hospitalized and diagnosed with a personality disorder. Her sister tells the clinician that Emily is moody, demanding, and reckless. She talks continuously about not knowing what to do in her life. When Emily is interviewed, she tells the clinician that she often engages in self-mutilating behavior. Which of the following disorders is Emily's most likely diagnosis? - borderline personality disorder What percent of people with diagnoses of borderline personality disorder die by suicide? - 10 percent Which of the following is true in regard to gender differences in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in clinical settings? - more women are diagnosed than men
Which of the following groups has the greatest likelihood of being diagnosed with borderline personality disorder? - hispanics _____ personality disorder is difficult to treat because of shifting symptoms, the variety of symptoms, and the fact that many people with this disorder also may have other mental disorders. - borderline Which of the following are correct in regard to the prognosis for a person with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.) -
- symptoms usually improve over time
- a minority of those considered to be in remission relapse What percent of people with diagnoses of borderline personality disorder attempt suicide? - 75 percent Which of the following is the approximate percentage of adults in the United States who could be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder? - 6 percent Borderline personality disorder is _____. - more commonly diagnosed in people of color A prominent feature of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is greater _____variability. - emotional True or false: The symptoms of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder improve over time. - true Which of the following are accurate descriptions of the cognitive processes of people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.) -
- their memories are more negatively valanced
- they are hyperattentive to negative emotional stimulation
- they have negatively biased interpretations of situations Which of the following represent psychological explanations for borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.) -
- inability to withstand distress
- lack of emotional regulation Which of the following is a prominent feature of borderline personality disorder? - mood variability Cognitive processes of those diagnosed with _____ personality disorder include hyperattentiveness to negative emotional stimuli in the environment and a focus on negative memories. -
transference-focused psychotherapy The STEPPS program is designed for people with _____ personality disorder and combines cognitive and behavioral techniques. - borderline Mentalization-based treatment is used for _____ personality disorder. - borderline Transference-focused psychotherapy, which uses the client-clinician relationship as the framework for helping clients achieve greater understanding of their unconscious feelings and motives, is a treatment for _____. - borderline personality disorder The medications that have been proven most useful in the treatment of borderline personality disorder are mood stabilizers and _____. - atypical antipsychotics Neuroimaging research has found abnormalities in the _____ cortex of the brain in patients with borderline personality disorder. - prefrontal Alicia has been diagnosed with a personality disorder. She has rapidly shifting emotions, unstable relationships, and is constantly seeking the attention of others. She does not engage in self-destructive behaviors, does not display angry outbursts to those close to her, nor does she particularly feel empty inside. Her best diagnosis would be _____ personality disorder. - histronic Which of the following are true of mentalization-based treatment for borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.) -
- it is psychodynamically oriented
- it attempts to help patients appreciate alternative points of view Adam believes he is exceptional, should be treated as special, and is entitled to a promotion at work. He spends a considerable amount of time creating the right impression with people. His boss is getting a little tired of Adam's attempts to gain his approval and the approval of his co-workers. Adam saw a clinician several weeks ago and was diagnosed with a personality disorder. Which one is most likely? - narcissistic personality disorder Dr. Fraser says that narcissism results from a failure to develop a realistically positive view of the self in childhood. Dr. Fraser is reflecting the _____. - psychodynamic perspective Which of the following medications have been found to be most useful in treating borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.) -
- atypical antipsychotics
- mood stabilizers
Which of the following are features of histrionic personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)
- shifting emotions Rick is arrogant, attention-seeking, and preoccupied with his own self importance. It is clear that he views himself as more important than others. He has recently been diagnosed with a personality disorder. Which one is most likely? - narcissistic Which of the following are true of people high in vulnerable narcissism? (Select all that apply.) -
- they are more sensitive to rejection
- they are more likely to feel shame
- they are hypersensitive to criticism A _____-oriented theorist views the origins of the narcissistic personality disorder as residing in the fact that people with it do not develop a realistic or positive view of themselves in childhood, so they rely on praise and domination of others for their self-esteem in adulthood.
- psychodynamic, psychodynamically Arthur has been diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder, and his therapist has told him he is a grandiose narcissist. What features does Arthur most likely display? (Select all that apply.) -
- grandiose fantasies
- exploits others
- aggression A person high in _____ narcissism views himself as superior, unique, and entitled. - grandiose Someone with narcissistic personality disorder would be more likely to endorse which belief?
- rules don't apply to me Which of the following occupations might appeal to Frank, a man with a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder? (Select all that apply.) -
- lighthouse keeper True or false: More men than women are diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder. - false, more women are diagnosed than men The subtype of the _____ narcissist copes with difficulties in self-esteem by viewing himself as superior and unique, and engaging in fantasies that involve him in famous or powerful situations. - grandiose
- rigid attention to rules
- perfectionism and attention to detail
- self-esteem that is based on work and productivity People with dependent personality disorder are most anxious about ______. - interpersonal interactions Children and adolescents with a history of which disorder appear to be more prone to developing dependent personality disorder? - separation anxiety disorder Which of the following are aspects of cognitive-behavioral treatment for dependent personality disorder? (Select all that apply.) -
- relaxation training
- exposure
- homework assignments Which of the following is NOT descriptive of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? - people with this disorder have dysfunctional beliefs about being worthless Graham is an accountant who is preoccupied with order and cleanliness. He spends a lot of time at work and has high career goals. He has been recently diagnosed with _____. - obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Karl is having problems at work. His boss is increasingly frustrated with his lack of timeliness in getting projects done, but Karl tells him that the reason he is slow is that he is perfect. Which of the following personality disorders is a possibility for Karl? - obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Bryce regularly consults with his boss but is dismissive of his co-workers and the cleaning staff. He becomes very irritated if schedules are changed or things are out of order. He has recently been diagnosed with a personality disorder. Which one is most likely? - obsessive-compulsive personality disorder _____ personality disorder is the most prevalent personality disorder in the U.S. population with about 8 percent of the population meeting the criteria for a diagnosis. - obsessive-compulsive Ella has her house in perfect order. She alphabetizes all the cans in her pantry, and she gets very upset if there is any clutter or dust in the house. She recently went for therapy complaining about her husband's sloppy ways, and she was diagnosed with _____. - obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Which is true of the alternative dimensional model for diagnosing personality disorders used in the DSM-5? - it appears in a separate section designated for further study Marie went to see a therapist at her husband's insistence and was diagnosed with _____ personality disorder. She consistently told her husband that there was only one right way to fold socks, and she insisted that he do everything "the right way." -
obsessive-compulsive A fundamental trait dimension describing the extent to which people are even-tempered and calm versus emotionally labile and overreactive to stress is described in the DSM-5 as _____.
- negative affectivity Amanda is controlling and rigid in her relationship with her husband, is a workaholic, and is perfectionistic. She was recently diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. What other qualities might Amanda have that fit with this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.) -
- she is concerned with order Which of the following features are descriptors for the core personality dimension in the DSM-5 of detachment? (Select all that apply.) -
- withdrawn
- untrusting Evan's therapist assigns homework, has done relaxation training, and has challenged Evan's beliefs about his need to rely on other people. Evan's therapist is utilizing _____ for Evan's dependent personality disorder. - cognitive-behavioral therapy Which of the following is true in terms of gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder? - there are no gender differences The alternative model for diagnosing personality disorders appearing in the DSM-5 utilizes a _______ approach. - dimensional The third dimension of the DSM-5 personality dimensions model is _____, which is anchored on the positive end by characteristics such as honesty, appropriate modesty, and concern for others, and at the negative end by characteristics such as deceitfulness, grandiosity, and callousness. - antagonism Which of the following are features of negative affectivity in the DSM-5 personality dimensions? (Select all that apply.) -
- overreaction to stress The term _____ is a personality dimension that captures the extent to which people are appropriately outgoing and trusting of others or withdrawn, avoidant and untrusting. - detachment Which of the following characteristics fit the negative end of the personality trait referred to as disinhibition in the DSM-5 personality dimensions model? (Select all that apply.) -
Which of the following is true about mortality and anorexia nervosa? - The longer people have the disorder the more they are at risk of death. Miranda has been diagnosed with the restrictive type of anorexia nervosa. Which of the following best describes her feelings? - She is repelled by the idea of being fat. Which of the following disorders are often comorbid with anorexia nervosa? -
- anxiety disorder
- substance use disorder
- mood disorder true or false People with anorexia nervosa feel that they are already overweight even though they may be seriously underweight, and they severely restrict their eating. - true true or false People with bulimia nervosa engage in binge eating, during which they rapidly eat an inordinately excessive amount of food, perhaps amounting to several thousand calories in a sitting. - true Hannah, who believes she is extremely fat even though she is significantly underweight, goes from periods of uncontrolled eating to periods where she eats almost nothing for days at a time. What would likely be her DSM-5 diagnosis? - anorexia nervosa What percentage of anorexia nervosa related deaths occurred in women 65 years or older in a Norwegian study? - 43% Annie is suffering from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following describes her beliefs? -
- she believes she is larger than she really is
- she believes she is unattractive In the DSM-IV, people diagnosed with the "purging" type of bulimia nervosa might do which of the following? -
- take diuretics
- administer an enema
- induce vomiting Which of the following is true about anorexia nervosa? - Anorexia nervosa is more common in women. Which of the following are typical of a person who has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa? -
- They use methods such as fasting and exercise to compensate for added calories.
- They eat excessive amounts of food during a short period of time.
- To avoid gaining weight, they engage in purging.
Which of the following harmful behaviors do some of the people with bulimia nervosa engage in? -
- overusing saunas
- using enemas
- regurgitating and rechewing food Changes in the DSM-5 with regard to bulimia nervosa include which of the following? - removal of the purging and nonpurging distinction Approximately what percentage of college-age women have concerns about their weight or body shape? - 60% Which of the following is true? - Bulimia nervosa is less prevalent in middle- and older-aged women than in younger women. One of the medical problems that occurs with people who have bulimia nervosa is - dental decay Which statement is true regarding gender differences in bulimia nervosa? - There is no significant sex difference in the use of laxatives or exercise to avoid weight gain after binge eating. Which of the following is a new disorder added to the DSM-5? - binge-eating disorder The lifetime prevalence of bulimia nervosa is ___ in women, and ___ in men. - 1.5% 0.05% What is the best description of the pattern of eating disorders over time? - Disordered eating patterns in college tend to improve over time but not disappear completely. One of the causes of eating disorders is - sociocultural influences What did a recent fMRI study suggest about altered brain activity in people with anorexia nervosa? - AN creates lingering effects in the way people process food-related cues. In a recent online survey, what percentage of men engaged in periods of uncontrolled eating?
20% Which is true of a person with binge-eating disorder? -
- keeps eating past the point of feeling full
- may gain a significant amount of weight
Which of the following are psychotherapies that are being explored for the treatment of eating disorders but that are not considered evidenced-based? -
- mindfulness
- ACT Which is true about people with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder? -
- They sometimes avoid food because they dislike its texture, smell, or temperature.
- They are concerned with the aversive consequences of eating food.
- They have little interest in food. How many college-age adults men are estimated to be engaged in significant restricted eating? - 20% Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder sometimes originates because - the person once had a bad experience while eating, such as choking on food. Which of the following are common symptoms in children with rumination disorder? -
- They are reluctant to eat food because of its texture or taste.
- They have poorly developed eating skills.
- They have difficulty managing or tolerating food. What is the prevalence of some type of problem with food and feeding among normal children? - 25%-45% How many college-age adults women are estimated to be engaged in significant restricted eating? - 25% Which of the following are elimination disorders? -
- enuresis
- encopresis Pica is the most serious cause of self-injury to occur in people with ___. - intellectual developmental disabilities Which of the following is true? - Enuresis is more common in boys than girls. What is the prevalence of some type of problem with food and feeding among children who are intellectually disabled? - 80% The evidenced-based treatment for enuresis is ___. - a urine alarm Disorders that are generally diagnosed in childhood and characterized by age-inappropriate incontinence are ___ disorders - elimination
For certain elimination disorders, psychologists advise parents to -
- focus on the child's unresolved anger.
- reduce the family's stresses. Researchers and clinicians in sleep medicine typically take a ___ approach to understanding and treating sleep disorders. - biopsychosocial What percentage of 4-year-old children still wet the bed? - 20%-25% Which of the following are empirically supported treatments for encopresis? -
- enhanced toilet training
- biofeedback Which of the following is a treatment for children with the retentive form of encopresis? - rewarding them for increased intake of fiber For certain elimination disorders, psychologists advise parents to - As many as ___ of adults suffer from insomnia. - 30% Obsessions - Intrusive and unwanted thoughts, urges, or images that persist or recur and usually cause distress or anxiety. Compulsions - Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to carry out and that usually must be performed according to rigid "rules" or correspond thematically to an obsession. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - A psychological disorder characterized by one or more obsessions or compulsions. It usually involves fears and anxieties and often involves compulsive behaviors over which patients feel they have no control. Hair Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania) - Characterized by the persistent compulsion to pull one's hair, leading to hair-loss and distress or impaired functioning. Skin Picking Disorder - Characterized by compulsive skin picking to the point that lesions emerge on the skin. Hoarding Disorder - An obsessive compulsive-related disorder characterized by persistent difficulty throwing away or otherwise parting with possessions-to the point that possessions impair daily life, regardless of the value of those possessions.
consciousness, memory, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, or identity are dissociated dissociative amnesia - impaired memory for important experiences or autobiographical information localized amnesia - memory gap for a specific period of time selective amnesia - can only remember some of what happened in a certain period of time generalized amnesia - amnesia for entire life (very rare) dissociative fugue - sudden, unplanned travel and difficulty remembering the past neuro factors of dissociative amnesia - possibly caused by impaired hippocampus dissociation theory (amnesia) - strong emotions narrow attention and disrupt integration of cognitive processes neodissociation theory (amnesia) - executive monitoring system becomes disconnected from other cognitive processes, and an amnestic barrier comes between memory and the EMS depersonalization-derealization disorder - primary symptom is a persistent feeling of being detached from one's mental processes, body, or surroundings the brain & depersonalization-derealization disorder - changes in temporal and parietal lobe activity cause dissociated perceptions; increased frontal lobe activity (suppressing emotional responses); low norepinephrine (less autonomic activation) psych factors for depersonalization-derealization disorder - problems with short-term memory, attention, spatial reasoning social causes of depersonalization-derealization disorder - severe and chronic emotional abuse during childhood is linked to triggering this disorder dissociative identity disorder - presence of 2 or more distinct "personality states" (alters) or an experience of being "possessed" which leads to a discontinuity in the person's sense of self and ability to control functioning neuro factors of DID -
brain responds differently based on which alter is dominant; autobiographical memory areas activated for trauma only with the alter to whom the trauma happened; orbital frontal cortex implicated; stress related hormones influence frontal lobe and hippocampus social factors of DID - therapist bias and pop culture influence post traumatic model - trauma may increase the ease of dissociating; frequent episodes of dissociating in response to abuse may make the dissociated state develop its own memories, identity, and personality sociocognitive model - therapist unintentionally fosters DID by influencing beliefs and expectations of the patient 3 elements of treatment for dissociative disorders - reinterpreting symptoms to reduce stress; coping strategies; addressing dissociated memories post traumatic model of treatment for DID - mapping alters, recovering memories of abuse, help integrating alters, use of hypnosis sociocognitive model of treatment for DID - extinguishing/ignoring alters, focus on current problems instead of past trauma 2 common features of somatic symptom disorders - bodily preoccupation & symptom amplification somatic symptom disorder - characterized by at least one somatic symptom that is distressing or disrupts daily life, about which the person has excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors mental processes associated with somatic symptom disorder - bodily preoccupation, symptom amplification, catastrophic thinking observational learning & somatic symptoms disorder - modeling based on an ill parent conversion disorder - involves sensory or motor symptoms that are incompatible or inconsistent with known neurological medical conditions (possibly caused by unintended self-hypnosis) brain activity & conversion disorder - brain activation parallels the way the patient feels illness anxiety disorder - characterized by a preoccupation with a fear of belief of having a serious disease in the face of either no or minor medical symptoms and excessive behaviors related to this belief
