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Projective Hypothesis: Analyzing Personality with Unstructured Stimuli, Exams of Psychology

A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (ATSU)Psychology

This document delves into the concept of projective hypothesis, a method used to study personality by examining encounters with vague, ambiguous stimuli and responding with personal constructions. It focuses on five categories of projective hypothesis, including the rorschach test, and discusses various projective techniques such as association to inkblots/words, completion of sentences/stories, expression with drawings and play, arrangement/selection, and construction of stories/sequences. The document also covers scoring systems for the rorschach test and rotter incomplete sentence blank (risb), as well as the advantages and limitations of these techniques.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 05/26/2024

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Psychodiagnostics- Task 7- Projective techniques
Ability tests -
standardized tests used to evaluate an individual's performance in a specific area
Personality tests -
Measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes.
Projective hypothesis -
Studying personality with unstructured stimuli, examine encounters vague, ambiguous
stimuli and responds with own constructions
5 categories of projective hypothesis -
- Association to inkblots/words
- Construction of stories/sequences
- Completion of sentences/stories
- Expression with drawings and play
- Arrangement/Selection
Association to inkblots/words = -
The rorschach test
Rorschach test -
a projective test consisting of a set of inkblots that people are asked to interpret
Scoring of Rorschach test: -
- Rorschach performance assessment system (R-PAS)
- RPRS
- Thought disorder Index (TDI)
R-PAS -
Extension of the Comprehensive System (CS): 2 phases: Free phase and inquiry phase
Inquiry phase: -
The interpretation of subjects is scored based on 5 criterion
4 criterion of the inquiry phase: -
- Location
- Determinant
- Form quality
- Content
Location of inkblot -
Does the client focus on the big picture or specific?
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Psychodiagnostics- Task 7- Projective techniques

Ability tests - standardized tests used to evaluate an individual's performance in a specific area Personality tests - Measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes. Projective hypothesis - Studying personality with unstructured stimuli, examine encounters vague, ambiguous stimuli and responds with own constructions 5 categories of projective hypothesis -

  • Association to inkblots/words
  • Construction of stories/sequences
  • Completion of sentences/stories
  • Expression with drawings and play
  • Arrangement/Selection Association to inkblots/words = - The rorschach test Rorschach test - a projective test consisting of a set of inkblots that people are asked to interpret Scoring of Rorschach test: -
  • Rorschach performance assessment system (R-PAS)
  • RPRS
  • Thought disorder Index (TDI) R-PAS - Extension of the Comprehensive System (CS): 2 phases: Free phase and inquiry phase Inquiry phase: - The interpretation of subjects is scored based on 5 criterion 4 criterion of the inquiry phase: -
  • Location
  • Determinant
  • Form quality
  • Content Location of inkblot - Does the client focus on the big picture or specific?

Determinant of inkblot - Factors that contribute to establishing the similarity between the inkblot and the subject's content response about it. --> can also represent certain basic experiential-perceptual attitudes, showing aspects of the way a subject perceives the world: form, color, movement and shading. Form determinant= - intellectual processes Color determinant - Direct insight into one's emotional life Movement - Experiences of actual motion or also seeing "something is going on" Form quality - Use of imagination Content - Objects, animals... Frequency of answer (Rorcharch) - Did many people see the same thing in the inkblop R-PRS - To say if you will succeed in therapy or not Criticisms of Rorschach test -

  • Susceptibility to faking
  • Low reliability
  • Low predictive validity
  • Time consuming to learn scoring system (need practice and experience)
  • Time consuming administration
  • Expensive Advantages for Rorschach test - R-PAS really improved scoring Respectable reliability Rorschach test: Susceptibility to faking: Study - Some experts had to rate the level of neuroticism of 4 groups (schyzophrenic, non- informed, informed, control). --> To see if they could effectively fake Non informed group - Were told to fake but were not taught how to fake effectively Informed group - Were told to fake but were taught how to fake effectively
  • Bias: Respondent chooses what to say in front of examiner Construction techniques: types -
    • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  • Picture projective test (PPT)
  • Children's apperception test (3-10 years) Thematice Apperception Test - 30 pictures with subject matters and themes in black and white showing ambiguous activities --> People have to make up a dramatic story Scoring of TAT - Identify needs out of 36 and aspects: Clinical-qualitative interpretation of scores
  • Murray's Hero Assumption Murray's Hero Assumption - Identification of examinee with the hero: projection of own needs, strivings and feelings onto the hero. -> Areas of conflict for examinee:thoughts feelings and actions avoided by the hero Test- retest: Reliability of TAT - Very low : 0. Criticism of TAT: -
    • low test-retest reliability (because no standardization)
  • good inter-rater reliability
  • over-diagnosis of psychological issues
  • low incremential validity
  • low validity Picture Projective test (PPT) - 30 pictures of the Family of Man photo essay: 50 % depict humans showing positive affective expression and the other 50 % showing humans in active poses Difference between TAT and PPT - PPT is more positive and active: more focus on interpersonal than intrapersonal themes + better at differientating psychotics from normal and depressive individuals Children's apperception test - 10 pictures showing either animals or humans depending on the age Limitation of CAT -
    • No formal scoring system
  • No info on reliability and validity Expression techniques: Types -
    • Draw a person test (DAP)
  • House-tree-person (H-T-P)

Draw a person test: - Draw a person on a blank sheet of paper and then draw another person of the opposite gender and make up story Limitation of DAP -

  • Weak evidence
  • Should no longer be used to infer personality House tree person test (H-T-P) - Sketch a house, tree and person When was the H-T-P used? - Before for intelligence and now it is for personality House: - Home of examinee and intra-familial relations Tree: - Experience of environment Person: - Examinee's interpersonal relationships Limitation of H-T-P - Failure in test validation Why can't projective techniques be considered tests? -
  • Don't include standardised stimuli and testing instructions, systematic algorithms, well calibrated norms for comparisons... Arrengement/Selection tests - Subjects shown photographs of individuals with different psychiatric disorders and have to say which patients they like best and least Comprehensive system of Rorschach Test - Trying to fulfill the 3 pillars of scientific status: More detailed rules for the test 3 pillars of scientific status -
  • Representative normative database
  • Objective and reliable scoring
  • Standardised administration Adequacy of CS norms - --> Outdates and based on small samples, unrepresentative to the US pop, tends to make people appear maladjusted: overpathologising, not suitable for minorities and cultures other than US With CS, the more answers people give... - the more they appear sick (problem of R)

Compared to the WSA intelleligence test= Test found to have a modest correlation with WSAII