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Test 1 Study Guide
Oral and Visual Presentations Given by Instructor / TA & In-class/In-workshop
Exercises/Activities
Week 1 Attributes of Engineers in 2020 Creativity Lifelong Learning Dynamism, agility, resilience, flexibility Communication (skills) Professionalism High ethical standards Business and Management Strong analytical skills Leadership Practical ingenuity Know spatial visualization (rotating 3D objects in space) DyKnow was used in Portugal to teach a class VT is the largest and first public university to require tablet PC (1984: PC, 2002: laptop, 2006: tablet) Seven Step Engineering Process
- Problem Statement
- Diagram
- Assumptions
- Governing Equations
- Calculations
- Solution Check
- Discussion design—a creative process that results in a new device, system, structure, product, or process that satisfies a specific human need. Engineering Design Process
- Define the problem
- Gather information
- Generate multiple solutions
- Analyze and select a solution
- Test and implement solution Business Week Video
International Design Excellence Awards (very global this year) of 2007 Winners mainly from Asia and Europe Awards for strategy and design Strong category: eco-design o Tesla Roadster (electric engine + body by Lotus Design) o Leaf-lamp (LED lights) o Hydrogen fuel toy car Home products o Fuego Grill (hood comes off/slides down; social) o Framing Hammer o Umbra-Umbrella Service Innovation o SMART Money RFID cart (wave over infrared intake to pay for things) o Keep the Change Product (rounds off purchase and puts in savings account) Most Awards o Eclipse Very Light Jet Research Interaction Transportation Used design in sophisticated ways Interaction of pilot with instruments in cockpit Interaction of passengers in interior Other o Samsung Mobis Monitor Brand Strategy o Pangea Organics / IDEO (new strategy/design/packaging for a body lotion company) o Master Lock Week 2 The Engineering Process Idea + Mathematics & Physical Science → Product or Service + Communication → Society ABET—a federation of 28 professional engineering and technical societies (non-governmental) Programs volunteer to undergo review, and is then accredited or denied accreditation Accreditation granted for a max of six years To be accredited, students must attain: o Ability to apply math and science to engineering o Ability to design and conduction experiments, as well as analyze and interpret data o Ability to design a system, component, or process to meet needs within realistic constraints (economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, sustainability) o Ability to function on multi-disciplinary terms o Ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems o Understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
Design criterion—characteristic related to the problem, such as cost, size, or weight, that is designer chosen as an evaluation factor. Design constraint—an imposed boundary placed on the design solution. Salt Creek runoff entered the Pacific Ocean at Dana Point, CA (kept swimmers out of water and threatened tourism) Reason: high bacteria counts in water (main bacteria: total coliform and fecal coliform) Watchdog group “Heal the Bay” identified the problem 70% developed watershed Watershed includes cities of Dana Point and Laguna Niguel Irrigation water from residential zones, as well as light commercial zones, open spaces, and recreational areas, carried bacteria, fertilizers, animal waste, and detergents to the creek. Water flow rate: 200-1000 gpm (non-rainy day) Didn’t use chlorination and dechlorination because 1) required heavy use and storage of chemicals near homes, resorts, and beach and 2) there is limited access for deliveries of chemicals Considered: Ozone treatment; UV light Chose: Ozone treatment for a new urban runoff treatment facility ($6.7 million); began Oct 2005 Used a decision matrix to make decision o Has categories (Cost, Reliability and maintenance, Ease of Operation) and options (Ozone, UV light) o Each category is assigned a weight , or percentage of importance o Each treatment option was rated for each category (i.e., Ease of Operation of Ozone treatment was rated as 93) o Sum of weights = 100% o Multiply each rating by its appropriate weight o Sum the weighted rating and compare to decide which option is best Week 3 92% of the design process is graphically based. Other 8% is math and written, and verbal communications. _______ Visible Line
- Hidden Line ___ _ ___ Center line <----------> Dimension Line _______ Construction Line Multiview Sketches—represent and object in a series of projections, each showing only two of the three dimensions. Ex: Orthographic Pictorial Sketches—present the object in a single, pictorial view, with all three dimensions represented. By convention, pictorial views do not include hidden lines.
Ex: Isometric Sketching Only draw views necessary to understand size and shape Choose views for Best Information o Consider silhouette, outline, or shape o Chose view with fewest hidden lines Front view should have most descriptive features Side view should have least number of hidden lines Leave space between views Assigned Reading (Textbook, Handouts, Online Materials) Pages 1- Engineering—the practical application of mathematics and science to create, design, test, improve, and develop knowledge, research, money, business, economics, and technology Main Engineering Disciplines Mechanical Engineering—concerned with the analysis, design, and development of structures, machines, devices, and mechanical systems
- Solid mechanics
- Fluid mechanics
- Thermodynamics
- Mechanical Design *. More details on pages 4 and 5
- (Mechatronics)
- (Micro-electro-mechanical systems [MEMS])
- (Nanotechnology) Mechanical Design—a process that translates an idea, demand, or identified need into a working prototype of a product or service Electrical Engineering—Embodies the study of all things electrical—in particular, electrical devices, electrical systems, and electrical energy
- Electric power engineering
- Communications
- Control Systems Engineering
- Digital Systems Engineering
- Electronics *. More details on pages 6 and 7
Environmental Engineering—deals with issues concerning the environment, such as urban, regional, and global air quality; water supply and water quality control; hazardous waste treatment; global environmental change; the maintenance of stable ecosystems; prevention and control of air pollution; wastewater management; and hazardous waste management Aerospace Engineering—design, develop, and implement new and existing technologies in both civil and military, aviation, including the design and development of all types of commercial and military aircraft, such as vehicles used for space exploration. Also concerned with the development of systems that support the safe and efficient operation of all types of aircraft Nuclear Engineering—deal with all aspects of nuclear power, from the design, development, and implementation of different forms of nuclear power (e.g., nuclear power plants for the generation of electricity and nuclear engines in submarines and spacecraft) to the handling and safe disposal of nuclear fuels used in the commercial and military sectors of the economy Mining Engineering and Petroleum Engineering—concerned with the extraction of minerals and hydrocarbons from the earth and the processing of these minerals in preparation for further use; petroleum engineering is a specialty within that focuses on oil and gas. Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering—concerned with efficient food production while maintaining or improving the environmental quality of the agro-ecosystem; deal with the design, development, construction, and operation of systems for food production, storage, handling, and processing Manufacturing Engineering—concerned with the design, development, and implementation of all aspects of manufacturing operations, from product, equipment, and inventory to quality management, on-time delivery, capacity, and manufacturing cost Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture—concerned with the application of ocean science and engineering design to the ocean environment Engineering Job Classifications Analytical Engineer—concerned mainly with the mathematical modeling and analysis of engineering problems Experimental Engineer—concerned mainly with physical prototypes Design Engineer—involved in all aspects of the design process; uses ideas and relevant information to produce a detailed plan, or design, from which and actual product can be assembled Research Engineer—concerned with the development of new products, designs, and processes (research is often applied ) Test Engineer— test new and existing (quality control) products and processes to see whether they comply with the required design specifications
Town Engineer—responsible for the supervision and preparation of project plans for a particular town Quality Engineer—concerned primarily with product and service quality evaluation and control Consulting Engineer—works as an independent profession, selling his expertise to clients, usually on a contract basis Engineering Management— combine engineering skills with managerial abilities to direct resources towards the efficient production of goods and services Engineering Professor—employed by colleges and universities as teachers and researchers (must have Ph. D.) Education Programs Co-op—students complement their academic studies with relevant and productive paid work experience from employers in business, industry, and government Internship—career-related work opportunities that are usually sponsored by companies working in a range of engineering disciplines (may be paid or unpaid and are often one-time deals) Analysis Engineering Analysis—analytical solution of an engineering problem, using mathematics and princes of science Might require modeling or simulation Engineering Analysts or Analytic Engineers—perform engineering analyses on a regular basis Engineering Design—a process of devising a component, system, or operation that meets a specific need Analysis is a decision-making tool for evaluating a set of design alternatives Failure—inevitable Analysis is a failure prevention tool Forensic Engineering—using analysis to determine why something failed and how such failures can be avoided in the future Tacoma Narrows Bridge: oscillated in the wind Pages 76- Engineering Method—a problem-solving process by which the needs of society are met through design and manufacturing of devices and systems
Addition and Subtraction—report the answer to the decimal place of the number with the fewest numbers after the decimal point Mixed Calcuations—don’t truncate values with significant figures throughout the process, but do remember the number of significant figures that each value carries so that you can apply them at the end General Analysis Procedure
- Problem Statement—a written description of the analytical problem to be solved
- Diagram—a sketch drawing, or schematic of the system being analyzed
- Assumptions—special assertions about the physical characteristics of the problem that simplify or refine the analysis
- Governing Equations—those mathematical relations that specifically pertain to the physical system being analyzed
- Calculations—the solution is generated
- Solution Check—using established knowledge of similar analytical solutions and common sense to try to ascertain whether the result is reasonable
- Discussion—may include an assessment of the assumptions, a summary of the main conclusions, a proposal on how the result may be verified experimentally in a laboratory, or a parametric study demonstrating the sensitivity of the result to a range of input parameters Analysis Presentation Guidelines
- Use engineer’s computation paper
- Only put one problem per page
- Heading at the top should indicate name, date, course number, and assignment number
- The Problem Statement should never be condensed
- Work should be done in pencil (mechanical)
- Lettering should be printed and consistent
- Correct spelling and grammar must be used
- The seven steps should be well spaced out
- Good diagrams are a must
- Answers should be double underlined or boxed for ready identification Pages 202- Design—an open-ended process where more than one feasible solution may exist; the goal is to meet a set of predetermined specifications. Analysis is choosing the best design Replication—the process of re-creating something that has already been desgined Good Design
- Meets technical requirements
- Works
- Meets cost requirements
- Doesn’t need expensive maintenance
- Is safe
- Doesn’t create an ethical dilemma Design Cycle (from page 215—same as that on page 29)
- Define the overall objectives
- Choose a design strategy
- Gather information
- Make a first cut at the design
- Build a prototype
- Document
- Test
- If it meets specifications, go to 10, else, go to 9
- Revise and go to 6
- Test the finished product
- If it’s OK, go to 12, else, go to 9
- Market Brainstorming Idea Trigger Method
- Idea generation phase a. Leader summarizes the problem or design issue b. Each participant writes as many solutions as possible in Column 1 for 2 minutes c. Break d. Step b again for one minute
- Idea Trigger Phase a. Each participant reads his entries in Column 1 b. Others cross out duplicates c. News ideas are written in Column 2 d. Steps a-b are completed again and new ideas are written in Column 3
- Compilation Phase a. Leader compiles everyone’s sheets and makes a master list of all the ideas that have been generated b. Group discusses all ideas and discards those that probably won’t work Informal Brainstorming—ideas can be contributed in random order by anyone whenever they come to mind Design Diagram
- Think carefully about your design assignment
- Open your logbook
- Collect facts that relate to your possible design approaches
- Converge on the best solution to the problem
- Organize your facts, tests, and concepts into an initial working prototype Pages 40- Dimension—a physical variable that is used to describe or specify the nature of a measurable quantity Numerical Value—the number portion of a dimension
- A quantity with several units must be separated by dots or dashes to avoid confusion with prefixes
- An exponential power for a unit with a prefix refers to both the prefix and the unit (i.e., ms^2 = (ms)^2
- Don’t use compound prefixes
- Put a space between the numerical value and the unit symbol
- Don’t use prefixes in the denominator of composite units
- Use prefixes for all numbers between 0.1 and 1000 (Exception: kilograms should be written in scientific notation without prefixes if the value doesn’t fall within 0.1 to 1000) English Units Quantity Unit Symbol Length foot ft Mass slug or lbm slug Time second s Temperature rankine R Electric Current (ampere) A Amount of Substance mole mol Luminous Intensity (candela) cd F = G(m 1 m 2 )/r^2 Where G = 6.673 × 10 -11, r = distance between centers of m 1 and m 2 Pages 169- 3-D Projection—clearly suggests an image in three-dimensions as it would appear in the designer’s mind Isometric—has a standard orientation that makes it the typical projection used in CAD o Width and depth dimensions are sketched at 30° above the horizontal o Known as a parallel projection because lines along parallel edges are parallel o Distort object when depth is significant Perspective—a projection in which parallel lines converge in the distance o The projectors converge at two points, called vanishing points o Produces foreshortening , which means that lines of an object are changed to produce the illusion of the part extending into the third dimension o Can utilize only one vanishing point as well Trimetric—a parallel projection that has the width and depth dimensions at arbitrary angles and has unequal sides Dimetric—a trimetric projection for which two faces are set to be equal in size Oblique—places the principal face of the object parallel to the plane of the paper with the axes in the plane of the paper perpendicular to one another o The axis into the paper is at an arbitrary angle with respect to the horizontal Multiview Projection—used to overcome the weaknesses of 3-D projections; a collection of flat 2-D drawings of the different sides of an object Orthographic projection—a collection of flat 2-D views of different sides of an object (front, top, side, and so forth) o Solid lines show visible edges
o Dashed lines show hidden edges o Third-Angle Projection—Top view at “top of a plus sign,” bottom view at “bottom of a plus sign,” front view at “middle of a plus sign,” right view at “right of a plus sign,” left view at “left of a plus sign,” and rear view at “extra left of a plus sign” o First-Angle Projection—Top view at “bottom of a plus sign,” bottom view at “top of a plus sign,” front view at “middle of a plus sign,” right view at “left of a plus sign,” left view at “right of a plus sign,” and rear view at “extra left of a plus sign” o Auxiliary View—Used to avoid distortion by drawing another view for an object so that the angled face is parallel to the auxiliary view plane Working Drawings Working Drawing—produced during the design process Freehand Sketches—used in the ideation phase of the design process (hand-drawn pictorial sketches of a concept that provide little detail) Detail Drawings—document the detailed design of individual components using orthographic views (final representation of a design) Assembly Drawings—show how the components of a design fit together; dimensions and other details are usually omitted to enhance clarity; numbers or letters can be assigned to individual parts of the assembly on the drawing and keypad to a parts list (item number, part name, quantity) Parts List (Bill of Materials)—includes the part name, identification umber, material, number required in the assembly, and other information (ex: catalog number for standard parts like threaded fasteners) Pages 183- Ideation—the generation of concepts or ideas to solve a design problem Freehand Sketching Oblique projection—places the principal face of the object parallel to the plane of the paper Doesn’t distort features of front face Doesn’t look as photorealistic as isometric Isometric projection—tilts the part so that no surface of the part is in the plane of the paper Construction lines—define enclosing boxes for the shape that is being sketches To draw a straight line, sketch endpoints as pluses and then move pencil while keeping eyes on the terminal endpoint Math Review Sheet / What You Should Know Know unit conversions (factor-label) Density = Mass / Volume Distance Between Two Points = √ (Δx² + Δy²)x² + Δx² + Δy²)y²) Know how to find the angle between the origin and a point tan-1( | y| / | x| ) + k π/ k depends on quadrant Pythagorean Theorem: a² + b² = c² Distance = Rate / Time
Terminator / Stop or Stop START or STOP Rounded Rectangle Input / Output INPUT var, var Parallelogram slanting to Right or OUTPUT var, var Process … Rectangle Test/Decision IF condition Diamond True -> Right False -> Down Loop/Repetition WHILE condition Hexagon or FOR var from start through stop by step On-Page Connector # Circle Off-Page Connector # Pentagon Node Small Circle Counter = Counter + 1 Assignment = All - Variables / Calculations - On - Right + And - One - Variable - On * Left π = arccos(-1) Line Rules
- All lines go either vertically or horizontally
- Two to three lines can converge at a node
- Use arrowheads at the end of each line to indicate the direction of logic flow
- Vertical/horizontal lines through consecutive symbols should all align
- Converging lines at the same orientation should be aligned
- If one line goes in, the line that goes out must go out in the same direction
- Loops have a clockwise line flow starting from top and ending at right side of hexagon Variable Names
- No spaces
- No punctuation
- Descriptive
- Begin with a letter The true and false statements of an if statement must meet up eventually (a false statement, for example, can’t go backwards up the logic flow) If statements—false: down; true: right
