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Trauma assignment to help you study, Assignments of Traumatology

The University of Vermont (UVM)Traumatology
Prof. Gregory F. Gause

Trauma assignment to help you study

Typology: Assignments

2025/2026

Uploaded on 04/28/2026

jonathan-bryant
jonathan-bryant 🇺🇸

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OCEMT COURSE NOTEBOOK
Jonathan Bryant
Class #151
4/27/26
Block Four: Trauma
Block 4: Supplemental Medications
Coumadin
1. Names (Clevelandclinic.org)
● Warfarin
● Jantoven
2. Drug Classification:(Heart.org)
● Anticoagulant
3. Treatment Indications: (Clevelandclinic.org)
● Thromboembolic disorders
● Pulmonary embolism
4. Who Carries it: (Clevelandclinic.org)
● Hospitals
● Prescribed patients
Plavix
1. Names: (Drugs.com)
● Clopidogrel
2. Drug Classification: (Medscape.com)
● Antiplatelet
● Thienopyridine
3. Treatment Indications: (FDA.gov)
● Acute coronary syndrome
● Recent ischemic stroke
● Recent MI
● Peripheral artery disease
4. Who Carries it: (Medscape.com)
● Hospitals
● Prescribed patients
Heparin
1. Names: (Drugs.com)
● Hep-Lock
● Heparin sodium injection
2. Drug Classification: (National Library of Medicine)
● Anticoagulant
3. Treatment Indications: (Medlineplus.gov)
● Deep vein thrombosis
● Acute coronary syndromes
● Pulmonary embolism
4. Who Carries it:
● Hospitals
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Jonathan Bryant Class # 4/27/ Block Four: Trauma Block 4: Supplemental Medications Coumadin

  1. Names (Clevelandclinic.org) ● Warfarin ● Jantoven
  2. Drug Classification:(Heart.org) ● Anticoagulant
  3. Treatment Indications: (Clevelandclinic.org) ● Thromboembolic disorders ● Pulmonary embolism
  4. Who Carries it: (Clevelandclinic.org) ● Hospitals ● Prescribed patients Plavix
  5. Names: (Drugs.com) ● Clopidogrel
  6. Drug Classification: (Medscape.com) ● Antiplatelet ● Thienopyridine
  7. Treatment Indications: (FDA.gov) ● Acute coronary syndrome ● Recent ischemic stroke ● Recent MI ● Peripheral artery disease
  8. Who Carries it: (Medscape.com) ● Hospitals ● Prescribed patients Heparin
  9. Names: (Drugs.com) ● Hep-Lock ● Heparin sodium injection
  10. Drug Classification: (National Library of Medicine) ● Anticoagulant
  11. Treatment Indications: (Medlineplus.gov) ● Deep vein thrombosis ● Acute coronary syndromes ● Pulmonary embolism
  12. Who Carries it: ● Hospitals

● Prescribed patients Fentanyl

  1. Names: (Medlineplus.gov) ● Actiq ● Duragesic ● Sublimaze
  2. Drug Classification: (National Library of Medicine) ● Opioid analgesic
  3. Treatment Indications: (Medlineplus.gov) ● Severe acute pain management ● Adjunct to anesthesia
  4. Who Carries it: (Medlineplus.gov) ● Hospitals ● Prescribed patients ● Paramedics Morphine
  5. Names: (Medlineplus.gov) ● MS Contin ● ROxanol ● Duramorph
  6. Drug Classification: (National Library of Medicine) ● Opioid analgesic
  7. Treatment Indications: (Medlineplus.gov) ● Severe acute pain management ● Pulmonary edema with dyspnea ● Chest pain from acute coronary syndrome
  8. Who Carries it: ● Hospitals ● Prescribed patients ● Paramedics Block 4: Specific Conditions Abdominal Evisceration (pg. 998, 1122-1123)
  9. Pathophysiology: Abdominal evisceration is an injury in which there is a break in the surface of the skin or mucous membrane, exposing and displacing the organs outside the body.
  10. Signs and Symptoms: ● Bleeding ● Visual protrusion of abdominal contents ● Guarding ● Abdominal pain ● Signs of Hyperfusion
  11. Risk Factors ● Blunt trauma with rupture
  1. Differential Diagnosis: ● Urticaria ● Chemical skin reaction ● Superficial skin injuries Epidural hematoma (pg.1049-1050,1061-
  2. Pathophysiology: An epidural hematoma is an accumulation of blood between the skull and dura mater
  3. Signs and Symptoms: ● Vomiting ● Nasuea ● Lucid interval ● Unequal pupils ● Seizure ● Cushing's Triad ● Headache ● Altered mental status
  4. Risk Factors ● Blunt head trauma ● Anticogulant use ● Temporal bone fracture
  5. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● Monitor ABC’s ● ALS upgrade
  6. Differential Diagnosis: ● Subdural hematoma ● Intracerebral hemorrhage ● Ischemic Stroke ● Concussion ● Intoxication Subdural Hematoma (1050,1375)
  7. Pathophysiology: A subdural hematoma is an accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater but outside the brain.
  8. Signs and Symptoms: ● Altered level of consciousness ● Vomiting ● Headache ● Slurred speech ● Nasuea
  9. Risk Factors ● Falls

● MVC

● Blunt head trauma ● Injuries involving strong deceleration forces

  1. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation
  2. Differential Diagnosis: ● Epidural hematoma ● Concussion ● Stroke ● Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (pg.1050-1051)
  3. Pathophysiology: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage is bleeding into the Subarachnoid space, where cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
  4. Signs and Symptoms: ● Neck rigidity ● Changes in pupils ● Vomiting ● Photophobia ● Seizures ● Sudden severe headache
  5. Risk Factors ● Trauma ● Hypertension ● Rupture of aneurysm
  6. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  7. Differential Diagnosis: ● Migraine ● Intracerebral hematoma ● Stroke ● Hypertensive crisis ● Meningitis ● Subdural or epidural hematoma Intercerebral Hematoma (pg.1050)
  1. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  2. Differential Diagnosis: ● Migraine ● Syncope ● Stroke ● Intracerebral Hematoma ● Intracranial Hemorrhage Brain Contusion (pg.1051)
  3. Pathophysiology: A brain contusion is a bruise from an injury that causes bleeding beneath the skin without breaking the skin.
  4. Signs and Symptoms: ● Swelling ● Altered mental status ● Nasuea ● Vomiting ● Unconsciousness ● Vomiting
  5. Risk Factors ● Skull being struck ● MVC ● Rapid deceleration forces
  6. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  7. Differential Diagnosis: ● Migraine ● Concussion ● Epidural and subdural hematoma ● Subarachnoid hemorrhage Traumatic Brain Injury (pg.1048-1049)
  8. Pathophysiology: A traumatic brain injury is a traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes.
  9. Signs and Symptoms: ● Altered mental status

● Vomiting ● Unequal pupils ● Sudden severe headache ● Nausea ● Loss of consciousness

  1. Risk Factors ● MVC’s ● Falls ● Skull being struck ● Assaults ● Sports injuries ● Rapid deceleration forces
  2. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  3. Differential Diagnosis: ● Migraine ● Concussion ● Epidural and subdural hematoma ● Subarachnoid hemorrhage Open Pneumothorax (pg.1102-1103, 1111)
  4. Pathophysiology: An open pneumothorax is an open or penetrating chest wall wound through which air passes during inspiration and expiration, creating a sucking sound; also referred to a sucking chest wound.
  5. Signs and Symptoms: ● Hypoxia ● Respiratory distress ● Decreased or absent breath sounds ● Shock signs ● Tracheal deviation ● Sucking sound ● Visible chest wound
  6. Risk Factors ● Penetrating chest trauma ● Rib fractures
  7. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Semi occlusive dressing ● Vented chest seal

● Severe respiratory distress ● Diminished breath sounds

  1. Risk Factors ● MVC’s ● Penetrating chest trauma ● Blunt chest trauma
  2. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  3. Differential Diagnosis: ● Simple pneumothorax ● Open pneumothorax ● Pulmonary Embolism ● Cardiac Tamponade Hemopneumothorax (pg.1105-1106)
  4. Pathophysiology: A hemopneumothorax is the accumulation of blood and air in the pleural space of the chest.
  5. Signs and Symptoms: ● Hypotension ● Tachycardia ● Severe respiratory distress ● Chest pain ● Pale, cool, diaphoretic ● Signs of shock ● Diminished or absent breath sounds
  6. Risk Factors ● MVC’s ● Penetrating chest trauma ● Blunt trauma
  7. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  8. Differential Diagnosis: ● Simple pneumothorax ● Open pneumothorax ● Flail chest ● Cardiac Tamponade

Flail Chest (1107-1108)

  1. Pathophysiology: Flail chest is a condition in which two or more adjacent ribs are fractured in two or more places or in association with a fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively detached from the rest of the thoracic cage.
  2. Signs and Symptoms: ● Paradoxical chest wall movement ● Hypoxia ● Pain ● Crepitus ● Respiratory distress
  3. Risk Factors ● Penetrating chest trauma ● Blunt force trauma ● MVC’s
  4. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  5. Differential Diagnosis: ● Simple pneumothorax ● Open pneumothorax ● Tension pneumothorax ● Hemothorax Myocardial Contusion (pg.1109)
  6. Pathophysiology: Myocardial contusion is bruising of the heart muscle.
  7. Signs and Symptoms: ● Irregular pulse ● Bruising of chest ● Blood pressure change ● Chest pain ● Dyspnea
  8. Risk Factors ● MVC’s ● Penetrating chest trauma ● Blunt force trauma
  9. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s

● Hemorrhage

  1. Risk Factors ● Pedestrian vs vehicle ● MVC’s ● Entrapment ● Blunt chest trauma ● Penetrating chest trauma
  2. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  3. Differential Diagnosis: ● Myocardial infraction ● Anaphylaxis ● CHF Commotio Cordis (pg.1109)
  4. Pathophysiology: Commotio cordis is a blunt chest injury caused by a sudden, direct blow to the chest that occurs only during the critical portion of a person’s heartbeat.
  5. Signs and Symptoms: ● Immediate collapse ● Apnea ● Cyanosis ● Chest bruising ● Pulseless ● V-Fib
  6. Risk Factors ● Contact sports ● Sports with projectiles ● Blunt chest trauma
  7. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  8. Differential Diagnosis: ● Cardiac tamponade ● Traumatic asphyxia Crush Syndrome (pg.966)
  1. Pathophysiology: Crush syndrome is a significant metabolic derangement that develops when crushed extremities or body parts remain trapped for prolonged periods. This can lead to renal failure and death.
  2. Signs and Symptoms: ● Pain ● Swelling ● Shock ● Weak/absent pulse
  3. Risk Factors ● Prolonged entrapment ● Natural disasters
  4. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  5. Differential Diagnosis: ● Compartment syndrome ● Hypovolemic shock Compartment Syndrome (pg.966)
  6. Pathophysiology: Compartment syndrome is swelling in a confined space that produces dangerous pressure; may cut off blood flow or damage sensitive tissue.
  7. Signs and Symptoms: ● Pain ● Edema ● Pallor ● Paralysis ● Swelling ● Shock
  8. Risk Factors ● Prolonged entrapment ● Crush injuries ● Factures ● Tight casts ● Natural disasters
  9. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s
  10. Differential Diagnosis: ● Deep vein thrombosis ● Simple fracture

● Muscle cramping ● Cool, clammy

  1. Risk factors ● Working in hot humid conditions ● Infants ● Elderly ● Poor ventilated area
  2. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s ● Ice packs ● Cool environment
  3. Differential Diagnosis: ● Heat stroke ● Hypoglycemia ● Sepsis Heat Stroke (pg.1212-1213)
  4. Pathophysiology: Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition of severe hyperthermia caused by exposure to excessive natural or artificial heat.
  5. Signs and Symptoms: ● Dry tongue ● Dizziness ● Warm dry skin ● Thirst ● Syncope ● Vomiting ● Irreversible coma ● Weakness
  6. Risk Factors ● Infants ● Working in hot humid conditions ● Elderly ● Dehydration
  7. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s ● Ice packs ● Cool environment
  8. Differential Diagnosis:

● Heat stroke ● Overdose ● Sepsis Air Embolism (pg.918,979,1222)

  1. Pathophysiology: Air embolism is a condition in which air bubbles are in the arterial or venous blood vessels.
  2. Signs and Symptoms: ● Dizziness ● Dyspnea ● Tachypena ● Hypoxia ● Weakness ● Shock ● Cyanosis
  3. Risk Factors ● Diving ● Misplaced IV’s ● Open traumas
  4. Treatment (National EMT Scope of Practice) ● Oxygen (Nasal Cannula,NRB,BVM,CPAP) ● C-spine immobilization ● ALS ● Transportation ● Monitor ABC’s ● Occlusive dressings
  5. Differential Diagnosis: ● MI ● Stroke ● Pulmonary embolism ● Pneumothorax Decompression Sickness (pg.1222-1223)
  6. Pathophysiology: Decompression sickness is a painful condition seen in divers who ascend too quickly, in which gas, especially nitrogen, forms bubbles in blood vessels and other tissues.
  7. Signs and Symptoms: ● Dizziness ● Severe pain ● Rash ● Cough ● Weakness ● Abdominal pain ● Confusion