Apuntes sobre la gramática inglesa, Apuntes de Literatura

¡Descarga Apuntes sobre la gramática inglesa y más Apuntes en PDF de Literatura solo en Docsity!

Some English grammars

The verb to be

Possessive adjectives

Example: My sister’s name’s Laura.

Have to/Has to

“Have to” and “has to” are used for obligation. Subject + have to + verb in simple form. Pronoun + has to + verb in simple form. NOTE: Remember that “have” without “to” is use to show possession.

“There is” and “there are” There is: “hay”… is use to say that someone or something is there. (Its contraction is “There’s”) There is a chair in the classroom. There are: is use to say that [a lot] of thing or people s there. (Doesn’t have contraction) There are twenty people.

There is/are Negative form. There is not (complete form). There isn’t (short form). There are not (complete form). There aren’t (short form). It’s to say the inexistence of thing or people. There is/are Question. Is there a book? Yes, there is/No, there isn’t. Are there books? Yes, there are/No, there aren’t. Present simple. Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Subject pronoun + verbs in simple form + complement. You watch science fiction. Verbs in 3rd^ person. There are some especial cases such as if the verb ends with: “SS”, “SH”, “CH”, “O” and “X” you add ES at the end of the verb for example: KissES WatchES If the verbs end with “Y” after consonant you need to… change the “Y” to “I” and add “es”. For example: Study Studies NOTE: These rules are just for affirmative.

General rule: Is add the “S”: Love Loves Present simple (negative). Subject pronoun + don’t/doesn’t (contraction form) do not/ does not (complete form) + VSF * complement. You don’t watch science fiction. Present simple…yes/no questions. Auxiliary (Do/Does) + subject pronoun + V.S.F. + complement +?

• Agregar “er” a los adjetivos de una sílaba y algunas de 2 sílabas. Smaller Quieter -Pon la palabra more o less antes del adjetivo. Por lo general son de dos sílabas. Beautiful-more beautiful.
• Para los adjetivos de una sílaba y dos sílabas que terminan con “y” cambiala por una i y agrega er. Easy-easier -Irregular adjetives Good-better Bad-worse Far-farther Como usar los comparativos: The sofas are cheaper than the chair. My best friend is more beautiful than your friend. Coparing with equality form we use: As + adjective in simple form + as. Brad is as tall as Jennifer. For negative. Just change the verb to be in negative. Brad isn’t as tall as Jennifer.

Superlatives

Se usan para comparar tres o más persona, lugares o cosas. Rules.

• Pon el artículo “the2 antes del adjetivo y agregar “est” a los adjetivos de una sílaba y algunos de dos sílabas. Cheap-the cheapest. -Pon la palabra “the most” o “the least” antes de los adjetivos de dos o más sílabas. Beautiful-the most beautiful. Expensive-the least expensive.
• Para los adjetivos de una o dos síalbas que terminan en “y” cambia por “i” así como agregar “est2. Happy-Happiest. 4 Irregulars. Good-the best. Bad-the worst. Far-the farthest. Exmaples: The blouse is the cheapest blouse. He buys the most beautiful but the least expensive tie. The happiest person has the biggest smile.

Ortografía del pasado regular

a) A los verbos que terminan en “e” se les agrega un “-d” para formar el pasado. Phone phoned Smile smiled Agree agreed Die died Lie lied b) A los verbos que no terminan en “e” se les añade “-ed”. Ask asked Clean cleaned c) Los verbos que tiene una sola vocal y que van seguidos de una sola consonante se le duplica la consonante. Beg begged Rub rubbed

d) Los verbos de dos sílabas y la última sílaba tiene una sola vocal acentuada se le duplica consonante. Prêfer preferred Rêfer referred e) Cuando el verbo termina en “y” cambia a “i” y se agrega “ed”. Carry carried Fly Flied.

Verb to be in past was/were

Affirmative structure: Subject pronoun + verb to be in past + complement. He was a teacher. They were students. Negative structure: Subject pronoun + verb to be in negative (wasn’t/weren’t) + complement. He wasn’t a teacher. They weren’t students. Yes/No questions: Verb to be + subject pronoun + complement +? Was he a teacher? Were they students? Simple past tense. Subject pronoun + verb in past + complement. I came to Las Vegas the last year. They went to the party last night. Adverbs of manner. Some adverbs tell us how an action is or should be performed. Often these adverbs are performed by.

• Adding “–ly” to the end of the adjective.
• Adjectives ending “-l” add “ly” (careful-carefully).
• Adjectives ending “-y” change to “ily” (lucky-luckily).
• Adjectives ending “-ble” change to “bly” (responsible-responsibly).

NOTE: In spanish the end is “ente” for example: suddenly: rápidamente.