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English grammar:
Unit 1:
·Present or future Active grammar: Use present simple for: habits/routines, describing a state, things that are permanent/always true Use present continuous for: things that are happening now, at this precise moment, temporary situations that are happening around now, arrangements in the future Use will + infinitive for: unplanned decisions (made while speaking), predictions based on what you think or believe Use going to + infinitive for: plans and intentions, predictions based on what you know or can see/hear now. We don't usually use state verbs in the continuous form (e.g. like, think, want, need) ·Past tenses Use past simple : to describe main events in the past Use past continuous : to describe actions that were in progress when the main events happened Use past perfect simple : to describe events and background information that happened before the main events in the past.
Modal verbs:
UNIT 2:
Present perfect simple and continuous We use present perfect simple when we focus on the present result of the action, the finished action, or the number of times the action has been completed up to the time of speaking. We use present perfect continuous when we focus on the activity itself, the length of time, the repetition of the activity.
Modifying comparatives Describing a big difference:
- far, much, a lot +comparative adjective/adverb
- by far, easily + superlative adjective/ adverb
- not nearly as +adjective/adverb + as Describing a small difference:
- a little, a bit, slightly + comparative adjective/adverb
- not quite as + adjective/adverb + as
- nearly as + adjective / adverb + as Describing things which are the same:
- (just) as + adjective/adverb + as
Comparatives and superlatives:
1. Comparison of equality: as much + mass noun + as (uncountable) as many + count noun + as (countable) E.g. "She sings as beautifully as her sister" 2. Comparison of superiority: -er... than ·one syllable adjectives · -g,-n,-t,-d: bigger, thinner, fatter, sadder (must be vowel + consonant) ·Two syllable adjectives ending in ---- consonant + y -- noisy - noisier ---- w -- narrow - narrower ---- le -- simple - simpler ·more + adjective + than: other two-syllable adjectives. E.g.: more boring, more tired ·Adverbs: -er-- 1 syllable adverbs more --- with the rest of the adverbs. E.g.: more quickly than 3. Comparison of inferiority: less... (than) ·less + mass noun + than (uncountable) ·fewer + count noun + than (countable) Superlatives the adjective + est, noun the most + adjective, noun Irregular comparatives and superlatives bad/badly --- worse, the worst good/well ---- better, the best
- To make predictions based on what you see/hear. E.g. Look out! You are going to fall We use present continuous : to make future arrangements. E.g. I'm taking my driving test next monday. We use present simple : To talk about timetables, calendars and schedules. E.g. The train to Seville leaves at 16: Vocabulary: Collocations with prepositions: Interested in, modest about, afraid of, worried about, keen on, similar to, different from, good at, proud of, passionate about, apply for, resign from, insist on, prepare for, believe in, complain about, pay for, depend on, succeed in, consisted of.
Conditional structures: We use the First Conditional : if + present simple/continuous + will/ won't to talk about future possibility. We use the Second Conditional : if + Past Simple/Continuous + would/wouldn't to talk about present or future imagined situations. -Supposing sustituye a if We use the Third Conditional : if + Past Perfect Simple/Continuous
- would have/wouldn't have to talk about imagined situations in the past We can use mixed conditionals as well: if + Past Perfect + would/wouldn't to talk about imagined past conditions and the probable results in the present. if + Past Simple/Continuous + would have/wouldn't have to talk about situations that never happened because of conditions which are still true Emphatic Structures: 1) Emphatic do in affirmative sentences in the simple present or simple past Do/does ---- Simple present Did ----------- Simple past I know what I'm doing ---- I do know... He does 2) So such So + adjective (adverb) So much + mass noun So many + count noun Such + a + (adjective) + singular Such + (adjective) + Mass noun or plural count noun E.g.: It was such a surprise, it was such bad weather, it was such heavy rain...
3) Cleft sentences Structure: It is/was + element emphasized
Also if you emphasize the subject (that/who/which) E.g.: I borrowed his new Mercedes. It was his new Mercedes that I borrowed. He was born in Toledo. It was in Toledo that he was born My neighbor's dog bit me. It was my neighbor's dog that/which bit me.
