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UNIT 2
CONFLICT, FRUSTRATION AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION (I)
1. THE MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICT
The emotional and behavior stage generated by the obligation to choose only one of the possible alternatives.
It results from the simultaneous activation of two possible solutions or actions equal in desirability but mutually exclusive.
Lewin’s three types of conflicts:
Attraction-Attraction Avoidance-Avoidance Attraction-Avoidance
¿What are the motivational conflicts?
Approach/approach conflicts: the person find themeselves between two possible actions that are similarly attractive. Avoidance/avoidance conflicts: the person finds themeselves between two equally negative options, and they only avoid this unpleasant situation if they perform one of them.
Approach/avoidance conflicts: the person is both attracted and repulsed by the same
stimulus or situation
Double attraction-avoidance conflict: the person is placed between two different
options and each of them has its own positive and negative aspects.
2. FRUSTRATION
When the person can not get its desired goal this creates a negative state, ranging from confusión, stress, anxiety, even anger, aggression and ultimately, disorganization of behavior.
3. SELF-ACTUALIZATION
An ever-fuller realisation of one’s talents, capacities, and potentialities.– Maslow, 1987
“The organism has one basic tendency and striving – to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing self”. – Rogers, 1951
Actualizing Tendency
Is about moving towards autnomy and realizing ones talents, capacities and potentialities.
Two fundamental directions :
AUTONOMY: depending on the self and regulating ones own thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
OPENNESS: being open to experience and receiving information
3.1. BEHAVIOURS THAT ENCOURAGES SELF-ACTUALIZATION – Maslow
Make growht choices – life is a series of choices, choose toward progression and growth.
Be honest – be different, unpopular, nonconformist, be honest and true to yourself and take responsibility for your choices and consequences of choices.
Situationally Position Yourself for Peak Experiences – become an expert in your field, if there’s someting you love doing, then do more of it.
Give up defensiveness – be open to the mistakes you make and learn from them.
Let the self emerge – listen to your own personal interests and aspirations of who you want to become.
Be open to experience – Be spontaneous, original and open to experience, try and drop the self consciousness, defenses or shyness. Stop and smell the roses.
Holism :
Stresses “top-down” master motives such as the self and its strivings toward fulfillment. Focuses on discovering human potential and encouraging its development.
Positive Psychology:
Devotes attention to the proactive building of personal strengths and competencies Seeks to make people stronger and more productive, and to actualize the human potential in all of us.
5. ¿WHAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF
HUMANS?
- Sheldon, Elliot, Kim & Kasser, 2001
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION (II)
1. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Intrinsic : Inherent desire to engage one’s interests and to exercise and develop one’s
capacities. To seek out and master optimal challenges. Emerges spontaneously from psychological needs and innate strivings for growth.
Benefits:
Persistence Creativity Conceptual understanding / High quality learning
Optimal functioning and well-being
The higher a person’s intrinsic motivation, the greater will be his or her persistence on that task.
The greater people experience interest, enjoyment, satisfaction and challenge of the work itself, the higher people being creative.
Flexible thinking, active information processing. Learning in conceptual ways.
Greater self- actualization. Greater subjective vitality, less anxiety, greater self-esteem…
Extrinsic : Motivation comes from environmental incentives and consequences that promote a
sense of “want to”. We follow hedonistic tendencies. We do it for an instrumental reason. Motivation arises from some consequence that is separate from the activity itself
2. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS INVOLVED IN INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
2.1. Psychological needs
Universal needs Psychological needs generate proactive energy: it promotes a willingness to engage in an environment that we expect will be able to nurture our psychological needs. Autonomy, competence and relatedness provide people with a natural motivation for learning, growing and developing. They depend on if the environment suport or frustrate the expression of these needs.
.- Example: the realization of the autonomous behavior that produces satisfacion rather than the outcome you get with that behavior.
When an activity involves our psychological needs, we feel interest.
When an activity satisfies our psychological need, we feel enjoyment.
3. THE LIMIT BETWEEN INTRINSIC – EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION: “The
hidden cost of reward”
3.1. External regulation of motivation
Based on operant conditioning
Incentives Consequences Rewards
An environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or awayfrom initiating a particular course of action. Precede behavior and create expectancies. Excite or inhibit the initiation of behavior.
Reinforcers (“Do it”). Positive : increases action to get more of a desirable quality. Negative : increases action (escape) to get less of an indesirable quality. Punishers : “stop it”: decreases action to avoid undesirable quality.
Any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for his or her service or achievement.
May or may not serve as positive reinforcers.
3.2. Rewards
3.2.1.- How Rewards Work – Do they facilitate desirable behavior?
An extrinsic reward enlivens positive emotion and facilitates behavior because it signals the opportunity for a personal gain.
When events take an unexpected turn for the better, then dopamine release and BAS neural activation occur, as the brain inherently latches onto the environmental signal of the unexpected gain.
3.2.2.- Hidden Cost of Rewards:
The unexpected, unintended and adverse effects that extrinsic rewards sometimes have on intrinsic motivation, high-quality learning, and autonomous self-regulation. Using a reward to engage someone in an activity
Intended primary effect : Promotes compliance (behavioral engagement in the activity).
Unintended primary effect : Undetermines intrinsic motivation, interferes with the quality and process of learning, interferes the capacity for autonomous self-regulation.
3.2.3.- Punishers
Do punishers work? Do they suppress undesirable behavior?
Research shows that punishment is an ineffective motivational strategy (popular but ineffective nonetheless)
“side effects”
negative emotionally : crying, screaming, feeling afraid. Impaired relationship between punisher and punishee. Negative modeling of how to cope with undesirable behavior in others.
3.2.4.- Do rewards always reduce intrinsic motivation?
It depends on expectancy and tabgibility.
o Expected, tangible rewards : reduce intrinsic motivation o Unexpected, non-tangible rewards : don’t reduce intrinsic motivation
3.2.5.- Benefits of incentives, consequences and rewards.
Use rewards that are unexpected and verbal.
Use rewards in uninteresting tasks that have less intrinsic appeal.
Examples:
Increasing old adult’s participation in physical activities. Teaching autistic children to initiate conversations. Developing daily living skills, such as dressing. Getting motorists to stop at stop signs.
4.2. Self-determination continuum showing types of motivation
4.3. Motivating others to do uninterensting activities
Ways to promote more autonomous types of extrinsic motivation:
Providing a rationale : to explain why the uninteresting activity is important and useful enough to warrant one’s volitional engagement.
Building interests : involves first cathing one’s situational interest in an activity and then holding that initial interest over time by developing an individual interest in the activity.
Building interest in a particular domain:
INDEX
CONFLICT, FRUSTRATION AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION (I)
1. The motivational conflict Lewin’s three types of conflicts What are the motivational conflicts? **2. Frustration
- Self-Actualization** Behaviors that encourages self-actualization o Motives and organization of human motives o Evaluation of the Maslow hierarchy of motives 4. Holism and positive psychology Holism Positive psychology 5. ¿What are the fundamental psychological needs of humans?
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION (II)
1. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Benefits of intrinsic motivation 2. The psychological needs involved in intrinsic motivation 2.1.- Psychological needs 2.2.- Origins of intrinsic motivation 2.3.- The subjective qualities within the experience of autonomy 2.4.- Flow theory 3. The limit between intrinsic – extrinsic motivation: The hidden cost of reward 3.1.- External regulation of motivation 3.2.- Rewards o How rewards work o Hidden cost of rewards o Punishers o Do rewards always reduce intrinsic motivation? o Benefits of incentives, consequences and rewards 4. Theoretical perspectives on the study of intrinsic motivation 4.1.- Cognitive Evaluation theory 4.2.- Self-determination continuum showing types of motivation 4.3.- Motivationg others to do uniteresting activities
