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ENGLISH GRAMMAR Conditional Sentences
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
INTRODUCTION
Las oraciones condicionales están formadas por dos partes:
- La if-clause (oración condicional)
- La main clause (oración principal) Se puede comenzar la oración con la main-clause o por la if-clause. Cuando la oración comienza con IF, WHEN O UNLESS ponemos una coma entre la if-clause y la main clause. Pero si la oración comienza por la main clause, no se separan las dos partes de la oración por una coma. If the temperatura drops to 0ºC, water turns into ice. Water turns into ice if the temperature drops to 0ºC. (El agua se congela si la temperature baja a 0ºC.) Existen cuatro tipos de oraciones condicionales.
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Present Simple Present Simple
Utilizamos la Zero Conditional para expresar hechos que siempre ocurren de la forma indicada por la if- clause, como por ejemplo verdades generales o leyes naturales. If you heat water, it boils. (Si calientas agua, hierve.) People wear lighter clothes when it is hot. (La gente lleva ropa más ligera cuando hace calor.) El tiempo verbal utilizado en estas oraciones es el Present Simple tanto para la if-clause y como para la main clause. If he comes home early, he sits in the garden. (Si viene a casa pronto, se sienta en el jardín.) Podemos utilizar WHEN en lugar de IF. When / If I am tired, I get black circles under my eyes. (Cuando / Si estoy cansado, tengo ojeras.)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Present Simple Future Simple
Imperative
Modal Verb
Utilizamos la First Conditional para expresar algo que es posible o probable que ocurra en el presente o el futuro. If we finish early, we will go to the cinema. (Si terminamos pronto, iremos al cine.) En estas oraciones utilizamos el Present Simple para la if-clause y el Future Simple para la main clause. If he comes, I’ll go. (Si él viene, yo iré.) If we hurry, we won’t be late. (Si nos damos prisa, no llegaremos tarde.) En la main clause también podemos utilizar el imperativo o un verbo modal (may, can, must, have to, etc.) seguido de infinitivo en lugar del Future Simple. If you are hungry, make a sandwich. ( Si tienes hambre, haz un bocadillo.)
If you don’t feel well, you must see a doctor. (Si no te encuentras bien, debes ver a un médico.) En la if-clause también podemos utilizar Present Continuous en lugar de Present Simple. If they are comino for lunch, we’ll have to buy some more food. (Si vienen a comer, tendremos que comprar más comida.) En la First Conditional podemos utilizar UNLESS (a menos que) en lugar de IF + oración negativa. UNLESS nunca puede ir seguido de una oración negativa. Unless you hurry up, we’ll be late. / If you don’t hurry up, we’ll be late. (A menos que te des prisa, llegaremos tarde. / Si no te das prisa…) Las expresiones PROVIDED (THAT), PROVIDING (THAT), AS LONG AS y SO LONG AS se pueden utilizar en la First Conditional en lugar de IF para enfatizar la condición. Su significado es siempre que, a condición de que, con tal (de) que. If you promise to be careful, you can use my computer. (Si prometes tener cuidado, puedes usar mi ordenador.) Provided (that) / Providing (that) / As long as / So long as you promise to be careful, you can use my computer. (Siempre que / A condición de que / con tal de que prometas tener cuidado, puedes usar mi ordenador.)
SECOND CONDITIONAL IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Past Simple Conditional Simple
Modal Verb
Utilizamos la Second Conditional para:
- Hablar de algo que no se refiere el presente y es bastante imposible que ocurra en el futuro, o para situaciones imaginarias. If I were prime Minister, I would make school holidays longer. (Si fuera Primer Ministro, haría las vacaciones escolares más largas.) If I had wings, I could fly like Peter Pan. (Si tuviera alas, podría volar como Peter Pan.)
- Hablar de algo que no se refiere al presente pero que puede ocurrir en el futuro. If I became astronaut, I would travel into space. (Si llegara a ser astronauta, viajaría al espacio.)
- Dar consejos. En este caso, utilizamos If I were you en la if-clause y would en la main clause. If I were you, I would study harder for this test. (Si fuera tú / Yo en tu lugar, estudiaría más para este examen.)
- En estas oraciones utilizamos el Past Simple para la if-clause y el Conditional Simple (would) para la main clause. If I had time, I would help you. (Si tuviera tiempo, te ayudaría.)
- En la Second Conditional podemos usar la forma WERE en la if-clause para todas las personas. Esto es obligatorio cuando se utiliza este tipo de oración para dar consejos. If he weren’t so lazy, he would find a job. (Si no fuera tan perezoso, encontraría un trabajo.) If I were you, I wouldn´t do that. (Yo en tu lugar no haría eso.)
- En la main-clause también podemos utilizar un verbo modal (could, might, should, ought to, etc.) seguido de infinitvo en lugar del Conditional Simple. If he had the book, he might lend it to me. (Si tuviera el libro, podría dejármelo.)
- Si queremos expresar un deseo para el presente o para algo que nos hubiera gustado que fuera diferente, utilizamos el verbo WISH seguido de una oración con el verbo en Past Simple. Si
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Zero Conditional (always)
Present Simple Present Simple First Conditional (present or future time) Present Simple Future Simple (will + infinitive) Present Simple Modal verb + infinitive Present Simple Imperative Present Continuous Future Simple (will + infinitive) Second Conditional (present or future time) Past Simple Conditional Simple (would + infinitive) Past Simple Modal verb + infinitive Third Conditional (past time) Past Perfect (had + past participle) Conditional Perfect (would + have + past participle) Past Perfect (had + past participle) Modal verb + have + past participle
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- A. J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1986
- V. Evans, Round-Up (English Grammar Practice), Longman, 1995
- M. Carling and S. Jervis, Grammar Time 4, Longman, 2003
- S. Jervis, Grammar Time 5, Longman, 2003
- M. Carling, Grammar Time 6, Longman, 2003
EXERCISES
1. Translate the following sentences into English. 1) Iré a París si tengo dinero. 2) Iría a París si tuviera dinero. 3) Habría ido a París si hubiera tenido dinero. 4) Me casaré contigo si me quieres. 5) Me casaría contigo si me quisieras. 6) Me habría casado contigo si me hubieras querido. 7) Iremos de vacaciones si compramos un coche. 8) Iríamos de vacaciones si compráramos un coche. 9) Habríamos ido de vacaciones si hubiéramos comprado un coche. 10) Si vas a ver esa película, no dormirás. 11) Si fueras a ver esa película, no dormirías. 12) Si hubieras ido a ver esa película, no habrías dormido. 13) Si invito a Luis, tendré que invitar a Carlos. 14) Si invitara a Luis, tendría que invitar a Carlos. 15) Si hubiera invitado a Luis, habría tenido que invitar a Carlos. 16) Si vamos al hospital, le veremos. 17) Si fuéramos al hospital, le veríamos.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR Conditional Sentences
- Si hubiéramos ido al hospital, le habríamos visto.
- Si sale, echará la carta.
- Si saliera, echaría la carta.
- Si hubiera salido, habría echado la carta.
- Si dejas la puerta abierta, el perro entrará.
- Si dejaras la puerta abierta, el perro entraría.
- Si hubieras dejado la puerta abierta, el perro habría entrado.
- Si voy a Madrid, te llevaré conmigo.
- Si fuera a Madrid, te llevaría conmigo.
- Si hubiera ido a Madrid, te habría llevado conmigo.
- Si abro la ventana, tendrás frío.
- Si abriera la ventana, tendrías frío.
- Si hubiera abierto la ventana, habrías tenido frío.
- Si preguntas, lo encontrarás.
- Si preguntaras, lo encontrarías.
- Si hubieras preguntado, lo habrías encontrado.
- Si pierdes el dinero, tendrás problemas.
- Si perdieras el dinero, tendrías problemas.
- Si hubieras perdido el dinero, habrías tenido problemas.
- Si pierdo, te daré mi CD.
- Si perdiera, te daría mi CD.
- Si hubiera perdido, te habría dado mi CD.
- Si tengo hambre, comeré contigo.
- No saldremos esta noche si llueve.
- Si Peter no hubiera conducido tan deprisa, no habría tenido el accidente.
- No cogeremos el tren a menos que nos demos prisa.
- ¿Qué harías si ganaras 10 millones de euros?
- ¿Dónde habrían ido este verano si hubieran viajado al extranjero?
- Si tienes hambre, puedes comer fruta.
- Si no apruebas los exámenes, trabajarás todo el verano.
- Si te duele la cabeza, toma una aspirina.
- Si tuviera más dinero, me compraría una bicicleta nueva.
- Yo en tu lugar no haría nada.
- No te invitarán a la fiesta a menos que les pidas disculpas.
- Si te acuestas tarde, estarás cansada por la mañana.
- Si estuviera más delgado, me sentiría mejor.
- Si hubiéramos sabido que estabais en casa, os habríamos visitado.
- No habría salido si hubiera hecho frío.
- Si Elvis hubiera llevado una vida más saludable, no se hubiera muerto tan joven.
- Si hubieras estudiado más, no habrías suspendido el examen.
2. Use Zero and First Conditional Clauses to complete the sentences. 1) If he __ has _________ (have) got a temperature, __ call _______ (call) the doctor. 2) ______________ (take) your umbrella if it ________________ (rain). 3) If you ______________ (heat) water to 100ºC, it _______________ (boil). 4) ______________ (take) a taxi if you ________________ (be) in a hurry. 5) If it ________________ (be) too late when you get home, ________________ (not/wake) me up. 6) If you ______________ (put) butter near the fire, it _______________ (melt).
ENGLISH GRAMMAR Conditional Sentences
- If you ____________________________________________________________________________
- If you ____________________________________________________________________________
- If you ____________________________________________________________________________
- If you ____________________________________________________________________________
- If you ____________________________________________________________________________
- If you ____________________________________________________________________________
- If you ____________________________________________________________________________
7. Match and write Zero Conditional sentences. 1) you mix blue and yellow a) it rains 2) clouds meet cold air b) you feel thirsty 3) there is no gravity c) water freezes 4) you do not eat d) objects do not fall 5) a cat falls from a height e) it lands on its feet 6) you do not sleep well f) you get green 7) it is hot g) you lose weight 8) the temperature falls below 0ºC h) you feel tired
- _When you mix blue and yellow, you get green.____________________________________________
8. Complete the sentences. 1) If Liam _____ doesn’t shave _______ (not/shave) off his beard, Sharon won’t go out with him. 2) Will you take me with you if you _______________________________ (go) to the beach? 3) If Kelly invites me to the party, I _______________________________ (go). 4) The man will hurt himself if he _______________________________ (jump) from that height. 5) If you clear up this mess now, I ______________________________ (not/tell) Mum. 6) ____________________________________ (you/look) after my dog if I go away on holiday? 7) If they ______________________________ (not/come) out of the sun, they will get burnt! 8) Rosie will get into trouble is she _______________________________ (not/go) home soon. 9) If Peter __________________________________ (not/like) the sweater, will Mrs Hardy give it to Tom? 10) He ______________________________ (stay) for lunch if she asks him. 9. Read, choose and complete.
- If Mr Barnes ______ comes _______________, tell him I’m in a meeting.
- If you have time, ________________________ a hundred copies of this document.
Today it is Jenny’s first day at work. Complete the list of notes her boss has left for her.
COME MAKE NOT HAVE NOT POST GIVE SEE
- If you don’t need the store room keys, ______________________ them to Mark.
- If you ________________________ the cleaners, ask them to do the windows downstairs.
- If visitors __________________________ an appointment, don’t send them to my office.
- If you finish the letters, _________________________ them. I want to see them first.
10. Read, choose and complete.
- If Fiona is lucky, she __ _may get a small part in a film_________________________ __. (may)
- If you’re tired, you _____________________________________________________. (should)
- If we catch a lot of fish, we __________________________________________________. (could)
- If you go to the park now, you _________________________________________________. (might)
- If you are thirsty, I _____________________________________________________. (can)
- If you like comedies, you ___________________________________________________. (must)
- If Tricia is in our town, she ____________________________________________________. (may)
- If the work is difficult, I ______________________________________________________. (might)
11. Circle the correct answer. 1) If / Unless he apologises, I’ll never speak to him again. 2) If / Unless you are not on time, they’ll leave without you. 3) Stanley won’t be able to finish the article if / unless Leslie doesn’t help him. 4) If / Unless she doesn’t tidy her room, her mother will be angry. 5) We’ll go to the beach tomorrow if / unless it rains. 6) If / Unless I finish my homework, I can’t come out with you. 7) We won’t have anything to eat if / unless we don’t go to the supermarket. 12. Rewrite these sentences using the word given. 1) If we don’t leave now, we’ll be late for school. (unless) ___ _Unless we leave now, we’ll be late for school.__________________________________________ 2) Unless they stop that noise, I’ll call the police. (if) _________________________________________________________________________________ 3) She won’t find tickets for the concert if she doesn’t book them soon. (unless) _________________________________________________________________________________ 4) If I don’t borrow Patrick’s lawn mower, it will take me ages to cut the grass. (unless) _________________________________________________________________________________ 5) The mirror will fall unless you use a strong nail. (if) _________________________________________________________________________________ 6) Unless it rains, we’ll go to the football match. (if) _________________________________________________________________________________ 7) They’ll stay in a hotel if their relatives don’t have a spare room. (unless) _________________________________________________________________________________ 8) Unless you remind me, I’ll forget to post the letter. (if) _________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Write First Conditional sentences using the prompts. 1) if / we / be / late – we / miss / the beginning of the film ___ _If we are late, we’ll miss the beginning of the film._______________________________________
get a small part in a film visit us go to bed meet Stanley and Peter invite our friends for dinner need your help make some fresh lemonade see this film
- If you _______________________ (not / like) that dress, ________________________ (not / wear) it.
- What _________________________ (you / tell) Andrew if he _____________________ (ask) you?
- Anne ________________________ (can / borrow) her brother’s car if she ___________________ (ask) him nicely.
16. Rewrite the sentences using the word given. 1) You won’t finish on time if you don’t start now. (unless) ____ _You won’t finish on time unless you start now._________________________________________ 2) Unless you read the instructions, you won’t know what to do. (if) _________________________________________________________________________________ 3) We’ll go to the cinema tonight if I’m not too tired. (unless) _________________________________________________________________________________ 4) Unless you study harder, you’ll fail the test. (if) _________________________________________________________________________________ 5) If the neighbours don’t stop making that awful noise, I’ll call the police. (unless) _________________________________________________________________________________ 6) Mum won’t let him go out if he doesn’t finish his homework first. (unless) _________________________________________________________________________________ 7) The headache won’t go away unless you do something about it. (if) _________________________________________________________________________________ 8) She won’t hear you if you don’t speak louder. (unless) _________________________________________________________________________________ 9) I’ll be back at six unless I have to work late. (if) _________________________________________________________________________________ 10) He will never find a job unless he starts looking for one now. (if) _________________________________________________________________________________ 17. Rewrite the sentences using the words given. 1) I’ll let you go to Philip’s house if you tidy your room. (provided) __ _I’ll let you go to Philip’s house provided you tidy your room.______________________________ __
- Provided I finish work early tomorrow, I’ll come with you. (if)
- If you let me wear your sweater, I won’t tell Mum what you did. (as long as)
- Aunt Josephine will be here at eight as long as her train arrives on time. (providing)
- You can borrow my car provided you bring it back at four. (as long as)
- I’ll go to the party as long as you come with me. (so long as)
- If they offer him enough money, he will accept. (so long as)
- I’ll tell you all about it as long as you promise to keep it a secret. (providing)
ENGLISH GRAMMAR Conditional Sentences
18. Complete with the Second Conditional. 1) If he __________________________ (exercise), he would be healthier. 2) If I __________________________ (be) you, I would call the police. 3) I _________________________ (buy) a new jacket if I had some money. 4) I _________________________ (help) him if I were you. 5) I would travel round the world if I ___________________________ (win) the lottery. 6) If she had time, she __________________________ (go) to the gym. 7) If I __________________________ (meet) an alien, I wouldn’t be scared. 8) If I __________________________ (go) to New York, I would visit the Empire State building. 19. Look at Stanley’s answers and form sentences. Use the Second Conditional.
- ____ _If he won £1000, he would spend it._________________________________________________
20. Peter is ill in bed. Give him some advice. Begin with “If I were you”. 1. make a cup of tea 5. stay in bed all day 2. call the doctor 6. take an aspirin 3. not go to school tomorrow 7. stay in bed for two days 4. eat some soup 8. drink some orange juice
- ____ _If I were you, I would make a cup of tea.______________________________________________
What would you do if…?
- What would you do if you won £ 1000? a. spend it b. save it
- What would you do if you met your favourite actor? a. faint b. ask for an autograph
- What would you do if you found a bag full of money on a bus? a. give it to the police b. keep it
- What would you do if you saw an alien? a. take a picture of it b. start running
- What would you do if you were alone on a desert island? a. go fishing every day b. start crying
- What would you do if you saw a ghost? a. scream b. say hello
- What would you do if you saw a tiger in your garden? a. keep it as a pet b. not touch it
ENGLISH GRAMMAR Conditional Sentences
- If I wouldn’t call / didn’t call , Mum would be very worried.
- If we had / would have more pocket money, we’d go to the cinema.
- He won’t be / wouldn’t be such a good athlete if he didn’t train so hard.
- If he wouldn’t be / weren’t so rude, people would like him.
- If we didn’t have time, we wouldn’t watch / won’t watch TV.
- She would get / got the job if she spoke Spanish.
25. Complete the sentences. 1) If I found ___ (find) a wallet in the street, I would give it to the police. 2) If you saw him again, you __________________________ (not / recognise) him. 3) We would go skiing if it __________________________ (snow). 4) If he didn’t feed the cat so much, it ___________________________ (not / be) so fat. 5) Would he do me a favour if I ___________________________ (ask) him? 6) If I ___________________________ (have) a million pounds, I would never work again. 7) If she _____________________________ (not / be) a good player, she wouldn’t be in the team. 8) I ____________________________ (invite) all my friends if I lived in a big house. 9) If she _____________________________ (not / like) your present, what would you do? 10) The children would be happy if they _____________________________ (be) on holiday. 26. Rewrite the sentences. Use the Second Conditional. 1) I haven’t got any money, so I won’t buy that CD. ____ If I had some money, I would buy that CD. ___________________________________________ 2) Pigs haven’t got wings, so they don’t fly. _________________________________________________________________________________ 3) His marks aren’t good because he doesn’t work hard. _________________________________________________________________________________ 4) I’m busy, so I won’t come with you. _________________________________________________________________________________ 5) They don’t know her, so they won’t invite her to their party. _________________________________________________________________________________ 6) I won’t call him because I haven’t got his phone number. _________________________________________________________________________________ 7) She walks to school because she hasn’t got a bike. _________________________________________________________________________________ 8) It’s cold, so we won’t go to the beach. _________________________________________________________________________________ 9) I won’t join you because I have to stay at home. _________________________________________________________________________________ 10) He won’t lend you his camera because he needs it. _________________________________________________________________________________ 27. Give advice using If I were you****. Choose and write.
- Your friend hasn’t been feeling well lately. _________ If I were you, I would see a doctor. ____________________________________________
- Your sister wants to lose weight.
ASK HER OUT NOT EAT SO MANY SWEETS NOT WATCH SO MANY HORROR FILMS NOT WORK SO HARD PUT ON A JACKET SEE A DOCTOR TAKE AN ASPIRIN TAKE UP A HOBBY
- It’s a cold afternoon. Your brother is leaving the house in a T-shirt.
- Your elder sister finishes work at nine o’clock every night and she is always tired.
- Your friend has a headache.
- Your fiend has been having nightmares recently.
- Your brother really likes a new girl in his class but he is too shy to speak to her.
- Your little sister is bored at the weekends because she has nothing to do.
28. Complete the sentences. 1) If she had followed ____ (follow) my advice, she would have arrived earlier. 2) If I had checked the bill, I _____________________________ (see) the mistake. 3) If we ___________________________ (not / meet) him in the street, we would have got lost. 4) If I had been one hour late, ________________________________ (she / wait) for me? 5) You would have got the job if you ________________________________ (not / behave) so foolishly. 6) If they had invited you to the party, __________________________________ (you / go)? 7) We would have stayed longer if we __________________________________ (have) time. 8) If he hadn’t panicked, the dog ___________________________________ (not / bite) him. 9) She ________________________________ (have) better results if she had trained harder. 10) If he ________________________________ (be) in my place, would he have done the same thing? 29. Read and write Third Conditional sentences. 1) Helen forgot to make an appointment at the hairdresser’s. She cut her hair herself. She looked awful at the party. ____ If she hadn’t forgotten to make an appointment at the hairdresser’s, she wouldn’t have cut her hair herself. If she hadn’t cut her hair herself, she wouldn’t have looked awful at the party. ________ 2) Peter ate three bars of chocolate. He had a terrible stomach ache. He couldn’t go to the cinema with Stanley and Leslie.
3) Mary sat in the sun too long. She was red and sore. She didn’t enjoy herself at the barbecue that evening.
4) Pauline watched TV until three o’clock in the morning! She was late for the school bus. She missed the school excursion.
5) Mr Davis tried to lift a heavy suitcase. He hurt his back. He couldn’t play golf. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
- If my parents’ friends _______________________________ a villa in Spain, we _______________________ a boring holiday. But we had a great time!
- If I _____________________________ an actress, I ___________________________ anything to be in a film with Brad Pitt. He’s gorgeous!
33. Complete the Third Conditional sentences. 1) If I __________________________ (hear) the weather forecast, I ____________________________ (take) an umbrella with me. 2) If you ___________________________ (come) to the party last night, you ____________________ (meet) James. 3) If I __________________________ (listen) to her, this ________________________ (not / happen). 4) If I ____________________________ (know) you were at home, I ___________________________ (call) you. 5) What ________________________ (you / do) if he ____________________________ (not / lend) you his car? 6) If you _____________________ (not / be) so rude, she __________________________ ( not / get) so upset. 7) If Raymond _________________________ (not / miss) the bus, he ___________________________ ( not / be) late for work. 8) If someone ___________________________ (tell) me that there was no milk in the house, I ______________________ (go) to the supermarket. 9) She _____________________________ (not / refuse) if you _______________________________ (ask) her nicely. 10) ___________________________ (you / come) with us if we ____________________________ (tell) you about the concert? 34. Rewrite the sentences. Use the Third Conditional. 1) I didn’t say hello because I didn’t see her. If I had seen her, I would have said hello. ________________________________________________ 2) We didn’t go out to dinner because Dad finished work late. _________________________________________________________________________________ 3) She was angry because you didn’t call her. _________________________________________________________________________________ 4) We didn’t hear about the accident because we didn’t watch the news. _________________________________________________________________________________ 5) You dropped the vase because you weren’t careful. _________________________________________________________________________________ 6) He didn’t pass the exam because he was nervous. _________________________________________________________________________________ 7) We didn’t go to the beach because it rained. _________________________________________________________________________________ 8) I had a good time because you were there with me. _________________________________________________________________________________ 9) They didn’t get a taxi because they didn’t have enough money. _________________________________________________________________________________ 10) We were late because our car broke down. _________________________________________________________________________________ 11) She didn’t follow my advice, so she didn’t make a profit. _________________________________________________________________________________ 12) You didn’t put the milk in the fridge, so it went bad. _________________________________________________________________________________
ENGLISH GRAMMAR Conditional Sentences
35. Rewrite the sentences. Use the Second or Third Conditional. 1) She was ill, so she didn’t go to school. _If she hadn’t been ill, she would have gone to school. ____________________________________ 2) I haven’t got a car, so I walk to work every morning. If I had a car, I wouldn’t walk to work every morning. ______________________________________ 3) I didn’t know it was her birthday, so I didn’t buy her a present. _________________________________________________________________________________ 4) You don’t always tell him the truth, so he doesn’t trust you. _________________________________________________________________________________ 5) They don’t work hard, so they do badly at school. _________________________________________________________________________________ 6) The old man gave us clear directions, so we found the address. _________________________________________________________________________________ 7) You don’t get enough sleep, so you feel tired all the time. _________________________________________________________________________________ 8) You forgot to bring a map, so we got lost. _________________________________________________________________________________ 9) You didn’t water the flowers, so they died. _________________________________________________________________________________ 10) She trains hard, so she’s a good player. _________________________________________________________________________________ 11) Ms Dawson loves animals, so she has six cats. _________________________________________________________________________________ 12) We didn’t see them, so we didn’t tell them about it. _________________________________________________________________________________ 13) Max doesn’t know about the subject, so he can’t help. _________________________________________________________________________________ 14) The critic didn’t like the film, so she wrote a bad review. _________________________________________________________________________________ 15) He likes children, so he gets on well with them. _________________________________________________________________________________ 36. Read and complete. WENDY: Hey, Kate. Are you coming to Rachel’s house tonight? KATE: Well, I would come if I (1) ____didn’t have ___ (have) to look after my baby brother. My parents are going out tonight. WENDY: Oh. Rachel (2) ____________________ (be) disappointed if you don’t come. She’d really like you to be there. It’s her birthday, you know. KATE: Her birthday? I didn’t know it was her birthday! If I had known, I (3)____________________________ (ask) my parents to get a baby sitter. Now they won’t let me come unless they (4) __________________________(can / find) someone else to look after Bobby. WENDY: You always look after Bobby when your parents (5) ___________________________ (go) out. Why don’t you ask your sister to do it tonight? KATE: Well, I (6) ___________________________ (ask) her if today wasn’t so special for her. You see, she’s going out with Peter. She’ll be very angry if she (7) ____________________________ (have to) stay at home. WENDY: Oh, well. If I (8) _______________________________ (be) you, I’d give a try. Anyway, (9)___________________ (give) me a ring if you change your mind.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR Conditional Sentences
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
INTRODUCTION
Las oraciones condicionales están formadas por dos partes:
- La if-clause (oración condicional)
- La main clause (oración principal) Se puede comenzar la oración con la main-clause o por la if-clause. Cuando la oración comienza con IF, WHEN O UNLESS ponemos una coma entre la if-clause y la main clause. Pero si la oración comienza por la main clause, no se separan las dos partes de la oración por una coma. If the temperature drops to 0ºC, water turns into ice. Water turns into ice if the temperature drops to 0ºC. (El agua se congela si la temperatura baja a 0ºC.) Existen cuatro tipos de oraciones condicionales.
ZERO CONDITIONAL IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Present Simple Present Simple
Utilizamos la Zero Conditional para expresar hechos que siempre ocurren de la forma indicada por la if- clause, como por ejemplo verdades generales o leyes naturales. If you heat water, it boils. (Si calientas agua, hierve.) People wear lighter clothes when it is hot. (La gente lleva ropa más ligera cuando hace calor.) El tiempo verbal utilizado en estas oraciones es el Present Simple tanto para la if-clause y como para la main clause. If he comes home early, he sits in the garden. (Si viene a casa pronto, se sienta en el jardín.) Podemos utilizar WHEN en lugar de IF. When / If I am tired, I get black circles under my eyes. (Cuando / Si estoy cansado, tengo ojeras.)
FIRST CONDITIONAL IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Present Simple Future Simple
Imperative
Modal Verb
Utilizamos la First Conditional para expresar algo que es posible o probable que ocurra en el presente o el futuro. If we finish early, we will go to the cinema. (Si terminamos pronto, iremos al cine.) En estas oraciones utilizamos el Present Simple para la if-clause y el Future Simple para la main clause. If he comes, I’ll go. (Si él viene, yo iré.) If we hurry, we won’t be late. (Si nos damos prisa, no llegaremos tarde.) En la main clause también podemos utilizar el imperativo o un verbo modal (may, can, must, have to, etc.) seguido de infinitivo en lugar del Future Simple. If you are hungry, make a sandwich. ( Si tienes hambre, haz un bocadillo.)
If you don’t feel well, you must see a doctor. (Si no te encuentras bien, debes ver a un médico.) En la if-clause también podemos utilizar Present Continuous en lugar de Present Simple. If they are comino for lunch, we’ll have to buy some more food. (Si vienen a comer, tendremos que comprar más comida.) En la First Conditional podemos utilizar UNLESS (a menos que) en lugar de IF + oración negativa. UNLESS nunca puede ir seguido de una oración negativa. Unless you hurry up, we’ll be late. / If you don’t hurry up, we’ll be late. (A menos que te des prisa, llegaremos tarde. / Si no te das prisa…) Las expresiones PROVIDED (THAT), PROVIDING (THAT), AS LONG AS y SO LONG AS se pueden utilizar en la First Conditional en lugar de IF para enfatizar la condición. Su significado es siempre que, a condición de que, con tal (de) que. If you promise to be careful, you can use my computer. (Si prometes tener cuidado, puedes usar mi ordenador.) Provided (that) / Providing (that) / As long as / So long as you promise to be careful, you can use my computer. (Siempre que / A condición de que / con tal de que prometas tener cuidado, puedes usar mi ordenador.)
SECOND CONDITIONAL IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Past Simple Conditional Simple
Modal Verb
Utilizamos la Second Conditional para:
- Hablar de algo que no se refiere el presente y es bastante imposible que ocurra en el futuro, o para situaciones imaginarias. If I were prime Minister, I would make school holidays longer. (Si fuera Primer Ministro, haría las vacaciones escolares más largas.) If I had wings, I could fly like Peter Pan. (Si tuviera alas, podría volar como Peter Pan.)
- Hablar de algo que no se refiere al presente pero que puede ocurrir en el futuro. If I became astronaut, I would travel into space. (Si llegara a ser astronauta, viajaría al espacio.)
- Dar consejos. En este caso, utilizamos If I were you en la if-clause y would en la main clause. If I were you, I would study harder for this test. (Si fuera tú / Yo en tu lugar, estudiaría más para este examen.)
- En estas oraciones utilizamos el Past Simple para la if-clause y el Conditional Simple (would) para la main clause. If I had time, I would help you. (Si tuviera tiempo, te ayudaría.)
- En la Second Conditional podemos usar la forma WERE en la if-clause para todas las personas. Esto es obligatorio cuando se utiliza este tipo de oración para dar consejos. If he weren’t so lazy, he would find a job. (Si no fuera tan perezoso, encontraría un trabajo.) If I were you, I wouldn´t do that. (Yo en tu lugar no haría eso.)
- En la main-clause también podemos utilizar un verbo modal (could, might, should, ought to, etc.) seguido de infinitvo en lugar del Conditional Simple. If he had the book, he might lend it to me. (Si tuviera el libro, podría dejármelo.)
- Si queremos expresar un deseo para el presente o para algo que nos hubiera gustado que fuera diferente, utilizamos el verbo WISH seguido de una oración con el verbo en Past Simple. Si
