ENGLISH
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
1. Verb tenses
2. Irregular verbs
3. Modal Verbs
4. Verb paterns
5. Averbs of frequency
6. Expressions of time
7. Comparatives and superlatives
8. A/an/the
9. Expressions of quantity
10.Question Words
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ENGLISH
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
1. Verb tenses
2. Irregular verbs
3. Modal Verbs
4. Verb paterns
5. Averbs of frequency
6. Expressions of time
7. Comparatives and superlatives
8. A/an/the
9. Expressions of quantity
10.Question Words
1. VERB TENSES
1.1. PRESENT SIMPLE (Yo juego)
1.1.1 Verb To Be
1.1.2 Other Verbs
Affirmative Negative Question
I am / I’m I am not I’m not Am I…? You are / You’re You are not You aren’t Are you…? He is / He’s She is /She’s He is not / He isn’t She is not / She isn’t Is he…? Is she…? It is / It’s It is not It isn’t Is it…? We are / We’re We are not We aren’t Are we…? You are /You’re You are not You aren’t Are you…? They are / They’re They are not They aren’t Are they…? Ángel is a chef. We aren’t doctors Are you French?
Affirmative Negative Question
I play I do not play I don’t play Do I play…? You play You do not play You don’t play Do you play…? He plays She plays He/She does not play He/She doesn’t play Does he play…? Does she play…? It plays It does not play It doesn’t play Does it play…? We play We do not play We don’t play Do we play…? You play You do not play You don’t play Do you play…? They play They do not play They don’t play Do they play…? We play handball She doesn’t play football Does he play the piano?
1.3. PAST SIMPLE (Yo jugué)
1.3.1. Verb To Be
1.3.2. Regular verbs
Affirmative Negative Question
I was I was not I wasn’t Was I…? You were You were not You weren’t Were you…? He was She was He was not/He wasn’t She was not/She wasn’t Was he…? Was she…? It was It was not It wasn’t Was it…? We were We were not We weren’t Were we…? You were You were not You weren’t Were you…? They were They were not They weren’t Were they…? Ángel was a chef. You weren’t doctors Were you French?
Affirmative Negative Question
I played I did not play I didn’t play Did I play…? You played You did not play You didn’t play Did you play…? He played She played He/ She did not play He/ She didn’t play Did he play…? Did she play…? It played It did not play It didn’t play Did it play…? We played We did not play We didn’t play Did we play…? You played You did not play You didn’t play Did you play…? They played They did not play They didn’t play Did they play…? We played handball. She didn’t play football Did he play the piano?
Formación del Pasado Simple (Verbs Regulares)
1.3.3.Irregular Verbs
Verbos acabados en... Como formar el Pasado Simple Ejemplos E Añadir – D live lived date dated Consonante + y Cambiar la y a i , y añadir - ED try tried cry cried Una vocal + una consonante (pero NO w o y ) Doblar la consonante, luego añadir - ED tap tapped commit committed Otros casos incluyendo w Añadir - ED boil boiled fill filled show showed
Affirmative Negative Question
I went I did not go I didn’t go Did I go…? You went You did not go You didn’t go Did you go…? He went She went He/ She did not go He/ She didn’t go Did he go…? Did she go…? It went It did not go It didn’t go Did it go…? We went We did not go We didn’t go Did we go…? You went You did not go You didn’t go Did you go…? They went They did not go They didn’t go Did they go…? We played handball. She didn’t play football Did he play the piano? IRREGULAR VERBS’ LIST Second Column.--> Past Simple
1.5. PRESENT PERFECT (Yo he jugado)
For and since
For + a period of time for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours
- I have worked here for five years. Since + a point in time since this morning, since last week, since yesterday since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock
- I have worked here since 1990.
Affirmative Negative Question
I have played I haven’t played Have I played…? You have played You haven’t played Have you played…? He has played She has played He hasn’t played She hasn’t played Has he played…? Has she played…? It has played It hasn’t played Has it played…? We have played We haven’t played Have we played…? You have played You haven’t played Have you played…? They have played They haven’t played Have they played…? We have played handball many times. She hasn’t played football Has he played the piano?
1.6. PAST PERFECT (Yo había jugado / yo hube jugado)
Affirmative Negative Question
I had played I hadn’t played Had I played…? You had played You hadn’t played Had you played…? He had played She had played He hadn’t played She hadn’t played Had he played…? Had she played…? It had played It hadn’t played Had it played…? We had played We hadn’t played Had we played…? You had played You hadn’t played Had you played…? They had played They hadn’t played Had they played…? We had played handball many times. She hadn’t played football Had he played the piano?
1.8. MIXED VERB TENSES
1.8.1.Present Simple and Present Continuous
*See section Adverbs of frequency
Present
Simple
(yo juego)
Verb to be Regular verbs Irregular verbs
I am / you are/
he is
I play I eat
I am not / you
aren’t/ he isn’t
I don’t play
He doesn’t play
I don’t eat
He doesn’t eat
Am I? Are
you? Is he?
Do I play? Do I eat?
Indicators
(end of the
sentence)
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY* (entre subj i verb)
- I ALWAYS eat sandwiches
- I OFTEN go to the cinema
- I NEVER eat meat
I play football MONDAYS AND WEDNESDAYS
I go to the school EVERY DAY
Present
Continuous
(yo estoy
jugando)
I am playing / You are playing / He is playing
I am not playing / You aren’t playing / He isn’t playing
Am I playing? / Are you playing? / Is he playing?
Indicators
(entre aux y
verbo)
I am playing football AT THE MOMENT.
She is eating a lot THESE DAYS.
Mark is watching TV NOW.
1.8.2.Past Simple and Past Continuous
Past Simple
(yo jugué)
Verb to be Regular verbs Irregular verbs
I was/were I played I broke
I wasn’t/I
weren’t
I didn’t play I didn’t break
Was I? Were
you?
Did I play? Did I break?
Indicators
(end of the
sentence)
I went to the cinema YESTERDAY
I saw my grandmother LAST SUNDAY
I ate vegetables three days AGO
Past Continuous
(yo estaba
jugando)
I was playing / You were playing
I wasn’t playing / You weren’t playing
Was I playing? / Were you playing?
Indicators
(entre aux y verbo)
I was playing football WHEN she called.
She went home BECAUSE it was raining.
She was watching TV AT 10 pm last night.
2. IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE
PAST
PARTICILPLE
TRANSLATION
1 Be/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar
2 Beat Beat Beaten Golpear; latir; batir; vencer
3 Become Became Become Llegar a Ser, convertirse
4 Begin Began Begun Empezar
5 Bend Bent Bent Doblar
6 Bite Bit Bitten Morder
7 Blow Blew Blown Soplar
8 Break Broke Broken Romper
9 Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar
10 Build Built Built Edificar
11 Buy Bought Bought Comprar
12 Catch Caught Caught Coger; atrapar; pillar
13 Choose Chose Chosen Elegir
14 Come Came Come Venir
15 Cost Cost Cost Costar; valer
16 Cut Cut Cut Cortar
17 Dig Dug Dug Excavar
18 Do Did Done Hacer
19 Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar
20 Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed Soñar
21 Drink Drank Drunk Beber
22 Drive Drove Driven Conducir
23 Eat Ate Eaten Comer
24 Fall Fell Fallen Caer
25 Feed Fed Fed Alimentar
26 Feel Felt Felt Sentir (emoción); tocar
27 Fight Fought Fought Luchar
28 Find Found Found Encontrar
29 Fly Flew Flown Volar
30 Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
31 Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
32 Get Got Got / Gotten Obtener
33 Give Gave Given Dar
34 Go Went Gone Ir
35 Grow Grew Grown Crecer
36 Have Had Had Haber o Tener
37 Hear Heard Heard Oir
38 Hide Hid Hidden Ocultar
39 Hit Hit Hit Golpear
40 Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar
41 Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir
42 Keep Kept Kept Conservar
43 Know Knew Known Saber Conocer
44 Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned Aprender
45 Leave Left Left Dejar; abandonar
46 Lend Lent Lent Prestar
47 Let Let Let Permitir
48 Lie Lay Lain Echarse; tumbarse
49 Light Lit Lit Encender
50 Lose Lost Lost Perder
51 Make Made Made Hacer/fabricar
52 Mean Meant Meant Significar
53 Meet Met Met Encontrar; quedar, conocer
54 Pay Paid Paid Pagar
55 Put Put Put Poner
56 Read Read Read Leer
57 Ride Rode Ridden Montar
58 Ring Rang Rung Llamar
59 Run Ran Run Correr
60 Say Said Said Decir
61 See Saw Seen Ver
62 Sell Sold Sold Vender
63 Send Sent Sent Enviar
64 Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir; temblar
65 Shine Shone Shone Brillar
66 Shoot Shot Shot Disparar
67 Show Showed Shown Mostrar; enseñar
68 Shut Shut Shut Cerrar
69 Sing Sang Sung Cantar
70 Sink Sank Sunk Hundir
71 Sit Sat Sat Sentarse
3. MODAL VERBS
CAN’T
(No poder) Inhabilidad We can’t swim very well Ex: Imposibilidad I can’t come to your party on Monday Ex: Deducción This boy can’t be Dani! Dani has got long hair. Ex: Prohibición You can’t smoke here! Ex: MUST (Deber) Obligación You must come to work on time Ex: MUSTN’T (No deber) Obligación de NO hacer You mustn’t be late Ex: HAVE TO (Tener que) Necesidad I have to log in using my password Ex: DON’T HAVE TO (No tener que) No necesidad I don’t have to work at the weekend Ex: SHOULD SHOULDN’T OUGHT TO (Debería) Consejo You should call him. He is worried Ex: You ought to call him. He is worried. Ex: MAY / MIGHT (Talvez) Probabilidad / posibilidad It might rain later. Take your umbrella. Ex:
CAN
(Poder) Habilidad We can swim very well Ex: Posibilidad I can come to your party on Monday Ex: Expresar o pedir permiso Can I sit down? Ex:
NEED TO
(Necesito) Necesidad I need to see the doctor because I am ill. Ex: DON’T NEED TO NEEDN’T (No necesito) No necesidad I don’t need to see the doctor because I am healthy. I needn’t see the doctor because I am healthy Ex: TO BE ALLOWED TO (Tengo permitido…) Permiso/posibilidad I am allowed to use the phone during the break Ex: TO BE NOT ALLOWED TO (No tengo permitido…) Prohibición I am not allowed to use the phone during the class Ex
5. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity. These are called adverbs of frequency and include: Frequency Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence 100% always I always go to bed before 11pm. 90% usually I usually have cereal for breakfast. 80% normally / generally I normally go to the gym. 70% often* / frequently I often surf the internet. 50% sometimes I sometimes forget my wife's birthday. 30% occasionally I occasionally eat junk food. 10% seldom I seldom read the newspaper. 5 % hardly ever / rarely I hardly ever drink alcohol. 0% Never I never swim in the sea.
- Some people pronounce the 'T' in often but many others do not. The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence: An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be). Subject + adverb + main verb I always remember to do my homework. He normally gets good marks in exams. When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be. Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb She can sometimes beat me in a race. I would hardly ever be unkind to someone. They might never see each other again. They could occasionally be heard laughing. We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence: Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally : Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food. We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific about the frequency:
- every day - once a month - twice a year - four times a day - every other week An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be. Subject + to be + adverb They are never pleased to see me. She isn't usually bad tempered. BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence: Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never. We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs: She hardly ever comes to my parties. They never say 'thank you'.
6. EXPRESSIONS OF TIME